Semiconductors: The Silicon Chip Essay examples -- science

Semiconductors The atomic number 14 ChipSilicon is the raw material most often used in compound circuit (IC) fabrication. It is the second most superabundant substance on the earth. It is extracted from rocks and common beach sand and put through an exhaustive purification process. In this form, ti is the purist industrial substance that man produces, with impurities comprising less(prenominal) than one part in a billion. That is the equivalent of one tennis ball in a get out of golf balls stretching from the earth to the moon. Semiconductors be usually materials which have energy-band gaps smaller than 2eV. An important property of semiconductor devices is the ability to change their resistivity over several orders of magnitude by doping. Semiconductors have galvanizing resistivities amidst 10-5 and 107 ohms. Semiconductors can be crystalline or amorphous. Elemental semiconductors are simple-element semiconductor materials such as atomic number 14 or germanium. Silicon is t he most common semiconductor material used today. It is used for diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, memories, infrared detection and lenses, light-emitting diodes (LED), photosensors, strain gages, solar cells, charge transfer devices, radiation detectors and a variety of other devices. Silicon belongs to the group IV in the periodic table. It is a grey brittle material with a diamond cuboidal structure. Silicon is conventionally doped with Phosphorus, ratsbane and Antimony and Boron, Aluminum, and Gallium acceptors. The energy gap of silicon is 1.1 eV. This value permits the operation of silicon semiconductors devices at higher temperatures than germanium. at once I will give you slightly brief history of the evolution of electronics which will help you understand more about semiconductors and the silicon chip. In the primeval 1900s before integrated circuits and silicon chips were invented, computers and radios were made with vacuum tubes. The vacuum tube was invented in 1906 by Dr.Lee DeForest. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, vacuum tubes were used to conduct, modulate and amplify electrical signals. They made possible a variety of red-hot products including the radio and the computer. However vacuum tubes had some inherent problems. They were bulky, delicate and expensive, consumed a great deal of power, took period to warm up, got very hot, and eventually burned out. The first digital computer c... ..., the second mask pattern is unfastened to the wafer, and the oxide is etched away to reveal new diffusion areas. The process is repeated for every mask - as many as 18 - needed to constrain a particular IC. Of critical greatness here is the precise alignment of each mask over the wafer surface. It is out of alignment more than a figure of a micrometer (one-millionth of a meter), the built-in wafer is useless. During the last diffusion a bed of oxide is again grown over the water. Most of this oxide layer is left on the wa fer to serve as an electrical insulator, and solely small openings are etched through the oxide to expose circuit contact areas. To interconnect these areas, a thin layer of admixture (usually aluminum) is deposited over the entire surface. The metal dips down into the circuit contact areas, touching the silicon. Most of the surface metal is then etched away, leaving an interconnectedness pattern between the circuit elements. The last(a) layer is vapox, or vapour-deposited-oxide, a glass-like material that protects the IC from contamination and damage. It, too, is etched away, but only above the soldering pads, the square aluminum areas to which wires will by and by be attached. Semiconductors The Silicon Chip Essay examples -- scienceSemiconductors The Silicon ChipSilicon is the raw material most often used in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication. It is the second most abundant substance on the earth. It is extracted from rocks and common beach sand and put throu gh an exhaustive purification process. In this form, silicon is the purist industrial substance that man produces, with impurities comprising less than one part in a billion. That is the equivalent of one tennis ball in a string of golf balls stretching from the earth to the moon. Semiconductors are usually materials which have energy-band gaps smaller than 2eV. An important property of semiconductors is the ability to change their resistivity over several orders of magnitude by doping. Semiconductors have electrical resistivities between 10-5 and 107 ohms. Semiconductors can be crystalline or amorphous. Elemental semiconductors are simple-element semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium. Silicon is the most common semiconductor material used today. It is used for diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, memories, infrared detection and lenses, light-emitting diodes (LED), photosensors, strain gages, solar cells, charge transfer devices, radiation detectors and a variet y of other devices. Silicon belongs to the group IV in the periodic table. It is a grey brittle material with a diamond cubic structure. Silicon is conventionally doped with Phosphorus, Arsenic and Antimony and Boron, Aluminum, and Gallium acceptors. The energy gap of silicon is 1.1 eV. This value permits the operation of silicon semiconductors devices at higher temperatures than germanium. Now I will give you some brief history of the evolution of electronics which will help you understand more about semiconductors and the silicon chip. In the early 1900s before integrated circuits and silicon chips were invented, computers and radios were made with vacuum tubes. The vacuum tube was invented in 1906 by Dr.Lee DeForest. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, vacuum tubes were used to conduct, modulate and amplify electrical signals. They made possible a variety of new products including the radio and the computer. However vacuum tubes had some inherent problems. They were bu lky, delicate and expensive, consumed a great deal of power, took time to warm up, got very hot, and eventually burned out. The first digital computer c... ..., the second mask pattern is exposed to the wafer, and the oxide is etched away to reveal new diffusion areas. The process is repeated for every mask - as many as 18 - needed to create a particular IC. Of critical importance here is the precise alignment of each mask over the wafer surface. It is out of alignment more than a fraction of a micrometer (one-millionth of a meter), the entire wafer is useless. During the last diffusion a layer of oxide is again grown over the water. Most of this oxide layer is left on the wafer to serve as an electrical insulator, and only small openings are etched through the oxide to expose circuit contact areas. To interconnect these areas, a thin layer of metal (usually aluminum) is deposited over the entire surface. The metal dips down into the circuit contact areas, touching the silicon. Mos t of the surface metal is then etched away, leaving an interconnection pattern between the circuit elements. The final layer is vapox, or vapour-deposited-oxide, a glass-like material that protects the IC from contamination and damage. It, too, is etched away, but only above the bonding pads, the square aluminum areas to which wires will later be attached.

Argentina and Bose Corporation :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework Essays

genus Argentina and Bose Corporation Bose Corporation has had products of audio system, called Home Theater System. Its a perfect audio system, just like or even better than the sound we can hear from movie theaters. On the system, there is a medicament center, which is connected to all input and output cables and a big amplifier, which controls the bass and treble. For your information, in music center, you can both enjoy the CD player and tuner for basic functions and outputs for surrounding sound quality for pic watching, and tape listening. Categories LifeStyle 30 & 25 & 20 & 12 & 8 & 5 & 3* below is the Picture of Bose LifeStyle 25 Home Theater System1.Driving global forcesa)Market collects and inadequacys Many people may think that in Argentina, the economic may not be that well since it is between underdeveloped and developing country. However, after I talked to my friends, who has ever lived in Argentina for a while, I know that in Argentina, there are still many pe ople who are rich. The situation in Argentina may be extreme divergence between the rich and the poor, however, that doesnt means that people there does not have marketing needs and wants. I believe that for those rich people, they might want to have the best quality of music and sound. Besides, the restaurant and disco club owners may want to have a better sound quality in order to attract more guests and customers. I guess most of people would know that most of Argentines love music, and they think music is one of the most grand thing in their lives. Therefore, I believe marketing needs and wants is one of the forces.We may see from the following article that I picked up from the web that how Argentina accepts business of imports and exports of electronicsArgentine companies involved in the appliance and electronics industries produce primarily for the domestic market. Exports are shipped mostly to Mercosur countries. Products include refrigerators, washing machines, dishwa shers, air conditioners, television sets, radios, and video cassette recorders (VCRs). In recent years production of refrigerators and washing machines has been about 700,000 units each. Little Argentine production is exported outside Mercosur, although certain niche markets are served by senior high quality Argentine manufacturers. These include specialty high-fidelity equipment designed for audiophiles willing to pay in the range of US$10,000 for equipment and for concert halls, theaters, and other buildings in need of high quality

Cyberpunk Definitional Paper -- Science Fiction Definition Essays Pape

drudge Definitional PaperIn the late 1970s and early 80s and new type of writing style came ab stunned that relied on many of the traditionalistic criteria to be called science fiction, but had a certain something else that had many people agreeing that it was not just science fiction. This new style of writing was so different and so many people started writing in this style that the general public decided that it was time this genre of writing deserved a label hack. Cyberpunk is not an easy group of writing to define on paper, but it is easy to spot when one is reading it. The cyberpunk writing movement started out with many short stories then became recognizable to the masses with probably the movements most successful novel, entitled Neuromancer. William Gibsons novel was the first major work to get recognize from this category, it seemed to set the precedence of what cyberpunk included, and what a piece of writing needed to have to get labeled cyberpunk. Cyberpunk does not de fine the works that argon in it, rather, the works define what cyberpunk consists of.Since William Gibsons Neuromancer was one of the first to be recognized as cyberpunk, the genre female genitalia be easily defined by the aspects set forth in his novel. Neuromancer was clearly sci-fi, but it included many points that typical sci-fi had never dealt with this is what cyberpunk can be defined by. Bruce sterling give tongue to in the preface to his anthology Mirrorshades its possible to make broad statements about cyberpunk and to establish its identifying traits(ix), and all of them are exemplified in Neuromancer. One of the most distinctive features of cyberpunk is the technological aspect. Traditional science fiction dealt with things that were possible, bu... ...roup, but it is even harder to define since it is considered to be within the larger group of science fiction. Cyberpunk has almost reach a way out for critics to define these writers. These writers are science fiction, but since they do not always deal with the values and ideas brought forth by the traditional science fiction writers, the critic will pass it off as being cyberpunk. While the label cyberpunk will take these works, the label itself grows and changes with all(prenominal) work that is added, making cyberpunk a broader, more open category and harder to define. Cyberpunk does however hold on to its original values that include what can be considered a human factor to set itself apart from traditional science fiction.Works CitedGibson, William. Neuromancer. New York Ace Publishing, 1984.Serling, Bruce. Mirrorshades. New York Ace Publishing, 1986.

College Admissions Essay: Seeking Wisdom :: College Admissions Essays

Seeking Wisdom   My neighbors arent too surprised to see me in my face yard at midnight frantically scraping off the back window of my car. A couple of months ago, I began to write messages there, on the smooth glass. This weeks is A certificate of deposit loses nothing of its light by lighting another candle. Project Wisdom inspired me to transform the back of my car into my billboard to the world.   At my high civilise the Words of Wisdom are read every day. Several of the daily readings ask the question What are you waiting for? As Student Council President, I am always encouraging students in my school to participate in community service projects and school pride activities, but I didnt think I could cook any impact outside of school. With Project Wisdoms reassurance, I have opened my arms to the rest of the community. My favorite Words of Wisdom inspired me the most   We mustiness not, in trying to think about how we can make a big difference, ignore the small daily differences we can make which, over time, attach up to big differences.   Besides volunteering at the city court and the hospital, I am exploring other avenues to help my fellow man. I started a school usance that is sure to last Bowie Community Service Month. At work, I initiated and coordinated a community activity involving about 40 kids ages 5-10. But greater still, I have inspired. My little sister and her group of friends are now volunteering in the city. Project Wisdom has given me the confidence, by speaking directly to me, to venture into the community.   I know the words of wisdom reach other students and teachers at school as well. It is difficult to exactly measure the effectiveness of Project Wisdom, except by careful observation of the students facial expressions while they listen to the daily Words of Wisdom, and to attribute the general improvement in

Illegal Street Racing Essay -- Descriptive Racing Car Essays

Illegal Street hotfootVivid moonlight, dim city, slight overcast on the noxious night. Cool breeze blows over your sweltering body. meaning racing, sweat pouring, adrenaline pumping through the body like gas through the engine of a car. Body trembling, hands shaking, eyes twitching, foot uneasy as beady eyes observe your every move. Thunderous noise coming from the crowd, situation get toting heavier the closer you get to the line. Tension raised to the max as time draws nearer.5-0 no where to be found, time to go. Moment of truth draws near, one hand rises, heartbeat rises with it. Second hand rises, heartbeat rises even more with it. The body tightens up the mind focuses as you get ready. Hands drop just as fast as your foot drops to the floor. Loud squealing coming from behind you, body is thrown back, scenery passing by, quickly becoming a blur. Hands in a death-grip, body is pulsating, mind is clear, feeling of independence overcomes. Focus quickly turns to mirr or to glance at opponent just as quick as it focuses back. Eyes now focused on culture ahead, body also feeling the closeness of the goal. Embracing of the feeling, then silence. Triumph, glory comes as the moment ends and the mind and body slowly returns back to normal. today comes the return to the real world. What you have just experienced is a drivers perception of an illegal street race. This is done to set a flooring as to why drivers even do it. Street racers live and thrive for those couple of seconds while racing. It is their way of escape from the world around them. It is their way to get away from their everyday jobs and to do something that they love the most. They are not like the regular people that do average things to get away and escape. ... ... them to find shipway to race while a safe supervised place to race will bring in some of the racers but not all of the them. Racing on a track is not the same as racing on the street. The street racing experie nce is a one of a manikin and always will be.Works CitedAmijo, Mark. Pros Want to Curb Illegal Street Racing. 6 Mar. 2004. 28 Mar. 2004 NHRA. Illegal Racing Stats. 2003. 28 Mar. 2004 Rendon, Paul-Mark. THE THRILL THAT KILLS. Macleans 114.38 (Sept. 17, 2001) 36-39. Academic hunt club Premier. 28 Mar. 2004 Warner, Fara. Driving Too Fast. Too Furious. Too Old?. 7 Nov. 2003. 28 Mar. 2004

Illegal Street Racing Essay -- Descriptive Racing Car Essays

Illegal Street rush alongVivid moonlight, dim city, slight overcast on the noxious night. unruffled breeze blows over your sweltering body. Heart racing, sweat pouring, adrenaline pumping through the body like gas through the engine of a car. Body trembling, manpower shaking, eyes twitching, foot uneasy as beady eyes observe your every move. Thunderous noise coming from the crowd, situation set downting heavier the closer you get to the line. Tension raised to the max as time draws nearer.5-0 no where to be found, time to go. Moment of truth draws near, one hand rises, heartbeat rises with it. present moment hand rises, heartbeat rises even more with it. The body tightens up the judgment focuses as you get ready. Hands drop just as fast as your foot drops to the floor. Loud squealing coming from behind you, body is thrown back, scenery passing by, quickly becoming a blur. Hands in a death-grip, body is pulsating, mind is clear, feeling of freedom overcomes. Focus qui ckly turns to mirror to glance at opponent just as quick as it focuses back. look now focused on goal ahead, body also feeling the closeness of the goal. Embracing of the feeling, then silence. Triumph, glory comes as the moment ends and the mind and body slowly returns back to normal. Now comes the return to the real world. What you have just endured is a drivers perception of an illegal road race. This is done to set a base as to why drivers even do it. Street racers live and thrive for those couple of seconds while racing. It is their way of passing water from the world around them. It is their way to get away from their everyday jobs and to do or sothing that they love the most. They are not like the regular people that do fair things to get away and escape. ... ... them to find ways to race while a safe supervised place to race will bring in some of the racers but not all of the them. Racing on a track is not the same as racing on the street. The street racing experience is a one of a kind and always will be.Works CitedAmijo, Mark. Pros Want to Curb Illegal Street Racing. 6 Mar. 2004. 28 Mar. 2004 NHRA. Illegal Racing Stats. 2003. 28 Mar. 2004 Rendon, Paul-Mark. THE THRILL THAT KILLS. Macleans 114.38 (Sept. 17, 2001) 36-39. Academic Search Premier. 28 Mar. 2004 Warner, Fara. Driving Too Fast. Too Furious. Too Old?. 7 Nov. 2003. 28 Mar. 2004

Qualitative, quantitative, and outcomes research Essay

1. What are the main differences among qualitative, quantitative, and outcomes inquiry? Under what circumstances is each type of query most appropriate? guard your answers with specific examples. Qualitative research is used to give meaning to life experiences and conditions. Its an individual approach and logical. It is interpretive, humanistic, and naturalistic and is concerned with understanding the meaning of tender interactions by those involved(Burns & Grove, 2011). Qualitative research is most appropriate when conducting research to promote understanding of human experiences and circumstances and develop theories that describe these experiences.Qualitative research seems to be an effective method of investigating human emotional responses. An example would be interviewing 100 elderly patients to find out what their main health concerns are. duodecimal research is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical selective information are used to obtain informatio n about the world(Burns & Grove, 2011). Quantitative data is any data that is in numerical form such as statistics, percentages, etc. An example of this would be determining the rate of a DVT in post-op patients.Outcomes research focuses on the outcomes of care for the patient. It requires four areas to examine including patient responses to nursing care, improvements in physical functions, healthcare financial service outcomes, and patients overall felicity with staff, nursing care and services. This research is most appropriate when doing research on improving quality of care(Burns & Grove, 2011). An example would be doing research on what ice hoi polloi is most effective, easy for the patient to use and still cost effective.Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2011). Understanding nursing research Building an evidence-based practice (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO Saunders Elsevier.

Nvq Childcare Diploma Cu1535

Cu1535- Promote squirtrens welf atomic number 18 and well-being in the early years. 1. 1- Welfargon makements Within your setting you should safeguard and promote Childrens welfargon, we must(prenominal)iness take necessary steps to en certain this. We must promote good health of all children within our c atomic number 18 and take steps to baffle the dispersed of infection from others within our c ar and take bewitch action when they be ill. We must ensure that thither are capable people and staffing levels are appropriate to ensure preventative to all children.The premises, environs and equipment must be suitable to cater for the children, these include outdoor and indoor spaces, furniture, equipment and toys and they must be safe and suitable for the children in your care, age/stage appropriate. Your safeguarding/admissions/settling in policies should be kept up to date. It is master(prenominal) for all staff to read all policies and procedures. As a practitioner you s hould be aware of nutrition inevitably and plan hale meals/snacks for children and on some occasions give advice to parents.You should be aware of portion sizes, this is principal(prenominal) beca commit children sack up still become over fish on healthy viandss if they are given too untold. Every setting should lead routines they should reflect the varying enquires of all children within your group especially in terms of sleep and rest. All routines should al small time for outdoor play for all ages. Routines in any case need to be flexible enough to allow the children to finish their task.Under the EYFS we as practitioners observe children during physical play this is to none the skills that they are showing and what could be emerging, this gives us important information on how we fire support the child such as providing new activities, toys or simply encourage the child. Within the EYFS it is important to endure almost with parents, we tidy sum find out their chil ds postulate, you can as well admit support and advice on topics, sleep, toilet training and nutrition. EYFS Statutory requirements, Safeguarding and promoting childrens welfare. Principles in to recital card 1. health and Well-being. 1. 2- To report something in my setting it is our obligation to go straight to our manager of the nursery and report it to her. If our manager isnt in we would go to our deputy manager. If you any very unusual case that both of these people werent in we would go to the welfare officer who also sponsors with the campaign of the nursery. 2. 2i) When receiving a child into the setting you must defy sure you bring forth undergone risk assessments on the building, toys, equipment etc. You must speak to parents to get parental management so you are aware of risks with the child e. . allergies. Make sure you have all parent and carers emergency contact numbers. Parents must fill in the forms attaching pictures of the briny carers so staff is aware. They must also fill in emergency medicine application forms in case the child falls in in the daylight. ii) over again risk assessments need to be done if the child is attending an outing with the nursery to somewhere e. g. the park. You must be told if someone different is pick out the child up and if you dont get told from their main carer you cannot let the child go.If the main carer wants someone else to pick the child up then they must sign a form to say whose picking the child up, the password the number and the name. iii) Main thing when visiting offsite places is risk assessments. You must also concur sure you have parent consent of the main carer. Make sure you take each childs emergency contact numbers and also one member of staff to carry along their mobile phones in case of emergencies. You must take weather related items for all children and the first helper box. The staff ratio must be right according to how many children and their ages. 2. i 2. 5msquared ii- Rat ios- 1 adult to 3 children for under 2 year olds 1 adult to 4 children aged 2-3 years 1 adult for 8 children ages 4 and over. 3. 1- Meeting childrens basic needs for health and well-being through the resources equipment a setting has eg. furniture, cutlery, sinks, staff, advice, doors to get outside etc. Aspects for basic needs .. Food and diet Water Natural light Rest and sleep Warmth raw air Exercise, physical activity, stimulation Hygiene safe environment for hand dampening, table cleaning, toilet areas, awareness of cross infection and contamination ..Security safe environment risk assessed/monitored, familiar to support confidence Love, affection, continuity, stability Professional knowledge training External professionals GPs, health visitor, dentist etc. 3. 2- The roles of key health professionals are as follows School nurse she leave alone offer advice to parents on the health of their child and she allow for carry out hearing specifys, give advice on to parents re garding their childs toilet habits, advice on skin tags and rashes gives information on weather the child needs to visit their GP, this can all be done in the setting.They result monitor the health of the children and also give advice to schools. Audiologist they will measure the childs hearing levels Dentist gives advice on how to asseverate teeth and gums healthy. Dieticians work to give advice on the right nutrients the child needs and from what foods to get them. My setting also has leaflets available for parents to take home on healthy alimentation. GP doctors are usually one of the first people to see the child and can give care to the child and the family and make the right referrals if required.Paediatrician they specialise in work with children with health problems. Speech therapists they help children with speech, language and communication difficulties and give advice to schools and parents. Physiotherapists help children with coordination and their movement resulting from accidental injury, illness or a medical condition. In my setting they will come in and give advice to the teaching assistant who works with a child with a medical problem. Psychologists will work with a child with behavioural or learning difficulty. Optometrist will examine the childs eyesight and prescribe glasses if needed.wellness visitor they work with GPs to give support to children and their families they can give advice to parents regarding the childs health and development. Parents permission must always be given before making referrals. 4. 3- Storing breast milk. in that location are cardinal ways to hold on breast milk you can store it in a fridge or a freezer, the department of Health guidance for the storage of breast milk is as follows You can store breast milk in a fridge at 4 oc or lower for up to 5 days. You can store breast milk in the freezer compartment of a fridge for up to 2 weeks. You can store breast milk in a domestic freezer for up to 6 months at minus 18 oc or lower. If breast milk has been wintery you can defrost it in the fridge and it can be served straight from the fridge rather than being warmed up. This will prevent bacteria. Preparation of verbalism milk. If parents bring in made up bottles of formula milk, they need to be placed in the fridge immediately and used within 24 hours this will ensure that it is kept cold to prevent bacteria and to keep it safe. Before we prepare formula milk clean all the work tops and wash your hands.The bottles, teats and brushes should be thoroughly cleaned and sterilised according to the manufacturers instructions, this will stop the risk of a baby getting sickness and diarrhoea. Best practice means that formula milk should be made up fresh for each feed, if the baby leaves formula milk this should be thrown away, this will prevent a baby bonnie ill. If you are unable to make up formula milk fresh then you can use ready to use liquid formula or by filling a hot thermos with hot w ater (at least 70 oC in temperature)and the formula can be made up as required.To make formula milk boil fresh water in the kettle, let it cool down, but for no more than half an hour, using hot water will kill any harmful bacteria in the powder. Put the boiled water in the bottle first and add the required get of powder, follow manufacturers instructions on the ratio of powder to water. Cool the formula chop-chop to feeding temperature by holding the bottle under cold running water with the cap on. 5. 1- The number of children in the UK who are over heaviness or rotund is on the increase. As early years practitioners we have to provide healthy and nutritionally appropriate food for the children that we care for.This is a requirement of the EYFS. Most settings provide a meal or snack within their provision. The Food Standards Agency recommends that a healthy nutritious diet should take hold foods from the following groups each day starchy foods, fruit and vegetables, protein-ri ch foods and dairy products. A balanced diet should contain foods from these groups, all meals snacks and drinks taken throughout the day must provide children with the sufficient nutrients to make up a balanced diet. When diets become unbalanced children could suffer from health problems or become lacking in a certain vitamin.When planning meals for children, there are several things to take into consideration to ensure that meals contain sufficient nutrients and calories. We need to look at the food labels to see how much salt, calories, fat are in foods and whether the food is rich in nutrients. Children aged 1 to 3 should have no more than 2g of salt a day and children aged 4 to 6 no more than 3g. Calorie measure how much energy is in food. The numerate of calories a child needs changes as they grow and will also depend on how much physical activity they take.It is important that children do not exceed the recommended calorie intake as this whitethorn realize them to become ov erweight. In turn children who do not eat enough calories may become underweight. A child aged between 1-3 years should have around1230 calories a day for a boy and 1165 calories for a girl. Fat is a source of energy for children providing it is in nutritious foods. Some foods are higher in nutrients than others if a food is high in calories it should also be high in nutrients. Foods such as crisps, biscuits and sweets are high in calories but low in nutrients and so an unhealthy option.Childrens stomachs are tiny and so have a limited capacity in can sometimes be hard to make sure they eat enough nutrients before they are full. It is important to ensure children take enough drinks throughout the day to prevent them from becoming dehydrated. Water should always be made available throughout the day and at meal times. Other drinks such as milk, fruit juices and smoothies can also be offered. These drink all contain nutrients and calories so need to be included in a childs daily intake . Fruit juices contain a lot of natural sugar so should be given in moderation to help prevent tooth decay.Fruit drinks, squashes and fizzy drinks also contain a lot of sugar and are high in calories and low in nutrients so should not be offered to children on a daily basis. As childrens stomachs are small they may require snacks between meals so that they can take in sufficient nutrients. Snacks should also be included in the boilersuit daily food intake and should be nutritious. Giving snacks to close to meal times can ruin a childs appetite and we need children to eat well at meal times. Good healthy snacks for children include fruit and vegetable, dried fruit, cheese and crackers, yoghurt, breadsticks and rice cakes.When planning meals for children it may be profitable to look at their food intake for a whole week to ensure that they are eating a varied healthy diet and to confer with the childs parents 5. 2- You need to follow carers instructions on their childs food allergie s or intolerances as it could be be move of their religion/ finishing which mean they dont eat certain foods out of respect. My diversity, equality and inclusion policy states that you include, respect and embrace all children and their families from whatever background, religions or beliefs they have.If you dont verification put to a childs intolerances what may happen if you give a diabetic, a coeliac or a child with a nut allergy something that they/their body/ ashes cannot cope with? serious illness or death. 5. 3- Religious or cultural group Dietary requirements Islam Islamic dietary requirements specify that only Halal (lawful) Lamb, hollo and Chicken, fish and shellfish can be consumed. Pork is a forbidden food to the Islamic people, Haram (unlawful). Cheese which has been certified Halal or cheese that does not contain rennet such as vegetarian cheese (rennet is extracted from the mucosa of a calfs stomach, added to some cheeses).Eggs, tea, coffee and cocoa are permitt ed in the Islamic diet. Ramadan is a time of spiritual reflection and worship and is the Islamic month of fasting for in the 9th month of the Islamic calendar and lasts 29/30 days. Muslims adults refrain from eating and drinking in the daylight hours. Judaism Jewish dietary requirements specify that only kosher Lamb, Beef and chicken can be consumed. Kosher is not a style of cooking, it is the way in which the food is prepared or the way the animal is killed, (in accordance with the Jewish law) Fish is to be eaten with the fins and scales.Cheese, milk and yoghurts are never eaten in the aforesaid(prenominal) meal even drinks containing milk are forbidden when eating meat dishes. Eggs are permitted providing they do not have any blood spots. Shellfish is forbidden to the Jewish people. Tea, coffee and cocoa are permitted. The saucepans, crockery and cutlery that have been used to cook non kosher food are then cogitated to be non-kosher utensils and are not to be used for kosher foo ds. Yom Kippur is the holiest day of the Jewish people and is celebrated on the 9th day of the Hebrew month of Tishrei.The Jewish adults fast for 25 hours. Sikhism Due to the fact that there are vast grey areas on what Sikhs eat and refrain from eating, in our setting we require scripted confirmation from parents on what their child is/is not allowed to eat The general consensus is that Sikhs are free to choose whether to adopt a vegetarian or meat diet. and then Sikhism dietary requirements vary from one Sikh person to another however it does specify that Halal and Kosher meat is forbidden (Halal and Kosher is meat that is ceremonially slaughtered).Some Sikhs will eat any meat, some will not eat beef. Some Sikhs will eat fish including shell fish where others will not. Again this principle is the same when it comes to eating eggs it all depends on whether they have adopted a vegetarian or meat diet. Sikhs who have been initiated into the order of Khalsa by the Amrit ceremonial ar e forbidden to eat any meat or meat products. (Khalsa by the Amrit is a baptism ceremony for sikhs). Sikhs are permitted to drink milk, tea coffee and cocoa. in that location is no fasting period for Sikhs. RastafarianismDue to the fact that there are vast grey areas on what Rastafarians eat and refrain from eating, in our setting we require written confirmation from parents on what their child is/is not allowed to eat Ital (derived from the English word vital) is the name of the Rastafarian diet. The Ital diet widely varies from Rasta to Rasta and there are few planetary rules to Ital diet. They do not eat pork as they consider the pig a scavenger some also refrain from eating shellfish for the same reason. Some Rastas follow a strict vegan diet, some Rastas are strict vegetarians and some will consume beef, chicken, lamb, fish, eggs and cheese.However all Rastafarians believe that food should be natural, pure and from this earth, therefore they will avoid food that contains addi tives or food that is chemically modified. Depending on how a Rastafarian follows the Ital diet (strict or relaxed) they are allowed to drink tea, coffee and cocoa, however many avoid caffeinated beverages. There is no fasting period for the Rastafarians. 5. 4- Giving children healthy food is just a part of encouraging children to eat healthily, there are other issues to be considered. We need to be aware of how much food a child needs over the course of a day.Too much food can cause a child to gain weight and too little food could cause a child to be undernourished. Portion control is important to ensure a child is having the correct amount of food. Showing parents a sample of a days food and working out the calorie content is a good way of seeing how much food children need rather than grave them how many calories they need. Parents are advised early on by professionals if their childrens weight is becoming an issue. There are lots of helpful leaflets and websites that offer pare nts help to understand what a healthy weight for their childs height is.It is important that young children are not made aware of any problems with their weight as this may lead to them having problems with food at a later date. Ideally meal times should be an enjoyable occasion which can be used to talk and catch up on the days events. For some families meal times can become a battleground where parents are continuously attempting to get their children to eat a good range of food. As a result of this children can sometimes develop food phobias. We need to bear out for children who are becoming distressed by food or worried about what they eat.It is important to stay relaxed during meal times. To help keep the gloriole relaxed families could experiment to present food in a different way or involve the children in the preparation. Children may be more likely to try new foods if they have helped to prepare the meal. 6. 2- Medicines are stored in our medicine cupboard in the kitchen . If a child brings in medicine we will store it depending on the guidelines on the bottle i. e. in the fridge. Depending on what the medicine is we normally administer liquid medicines to children on a regular basis.When administering medicine we always make sure we have a witness on hand, they check the name of the child on the medicine packaging and the amount you should be giving, you measure out the amount and then give to the child. We record all this on a form which will then be passed to the main carer at the end of the day to check and sign. 6. 3- The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is an Act of the Parliament that as of 2008 defines the, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare within the United Kingdom.It outlines the responsibility of all to consider and act concerning their own safety and that of others. Not acting in a situation that warrants something done to prevent a possible injury or to remove the threat of a health and safety issue is considered negligent if the action were reasonably practicable. Staff are expected to keep areas tidy and clutter free to help avoid dangerous situations. The Act defines general duties on employers, employees, contractors, and persons in general.The creation of the Health and Safety Commission and Health and Safety Executive which have now joined together gave extensive enforcement powers, ultimately backed by criminal sanctions extending to unlimited fines and imprisonment for up to two years. Under section 7 all employees have a duty while at work to Take reasonable care for the health and safety of himself and of other persons who may be affected by his acts or omissions at work and Co-operate with employers or other persons so far as is necessary to modify them to perform their duties or requirements under the Act.The Manual Handling Regulations 1992 make it a legal requirement for schools to carry out Risk Assessments. If lifting or carrying pupils, equipment training shou ld be given. Only lift if necessary and use any appropriate equipment provided. Again training for this should be provided. Share the load if necessary. Bend knees and keep back straight. Schools should have a manual lifting policy. As with the Health and Safety at work act, adults have a responsibility to care for themselves. -portion control -tackling under and overweight children -food phobiasGiving children healthy food is just a part of encouraging children to eat healthily, there are other issues to be considered. We need to be aware of how much food a child needs over the course of a day. Too much food can cause a child to gain weight and too little food could cause a child to be undernourished. Portion control is important to ensure a child is having the correct amount of food. Showing parents a sample of a days food and working out the calorie content is a good way of seeing how much food children need rather than telling them how many calories they need.Parents are advised early on by professionals if their childrens weight is becoming an issue. There are lots of helpful leaflets and websites that offer parents help to understand what a healthy weight for their childs height is. It is important that young children are not made aware of any problems with their weight as this may lead to them having problems with food at a later date. Ideally meal times should be an enjoyable occasion which can be used to talk and catch up on the days events.For some families meal times can become a battleground where parents are continuously attempting to get their children to eat a good range of food. As a result of this children can sometimes develop food phobias. We need to watch out for children who are becoming distressed by food or worried about what they eat. It is important to stay relaxed during meal times. To help keep the atmosphere relaxed families could try to present food in a different way or involve the children in the preparation. Children may be more likely to try new foods if they have helped to prepare the meal.

Carbohydrate and Peptide †Based Vaccines: The Way Forward

AbstractExisting treatments and therapies pack supported a huge soma of diseases and infections, a significant example being antibiotics. However the increasing presence of multi-resistant bacteria, as well as emergenced changes observed in the mechanisms responsible for variability in vir exercises, involving accumulation of mutations within the genes that code for antibody- retaining sites (known as antigenic drift), has firmnessed in these new strains not being inhibited as in effect(p)ly by those treatments that in the beginning targeted them (Reche, Fernandez-Caldas, Flower, Fridkis-H atomic number 18li and Hoshino, 2014). The knock-on effect has been that the bacteria or virus is able to spread to a greater extent easily, and therapeutic treatments ( apply after a person contracts a disease), become less effective, uneffective to work by boosting the innkeepers own resistant system. As a result, it has been managed that the vaccinum offers the advantage of preventing the anticipation of disease occurrence, using happen action to playeract infection and chronic illness. Prophylactic, and to a lesser extent therapeutic, vaccinums are the most cost-effective and efficient alternative to separate treatments and prevention of infected and chronic diseases. They work by causing changes to the T- and B-cells of the adaptive tolerant system to eliminate or prevent pathogen growth (Plotkin, Orenstein, and Offit, 2013). Going back to the introduction of vaccinums more than 200 years ago, these were initially composed of killed pathogens, which although successful, in like manner ca determinationd unacceptably high levels of adverse reactions. During the years of interrogation that make believe since followed, as with the changes observed with antibiotics and other treatments worthy less effective, the necessitate for safer and more effective vaccines has also been acknowledged. In rundown, an ameliorated understanding of antigen presentatio n and subsequent recognition has supported the discipline of newer vaccine suits (Flower, 2013). Equally, whilst numerous a(prenominal) diseases and infections are controlled by vaccines, for any(prenominal), no vaccines grow been developed, including streptococcus pyogenes, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) (Wang and Walfield, 2005 Barrett and Stanberry, 2009). Efforts to develop new vaccines are discussed in more details, with a focus on peptide-based and carbohydrate-based vaccines. Challenges are also discussed, prima(p) to a summary of the potential direction of vaccination and look for, which describes a vivid future.Peptide-based vaccinesAn example of a newer family line of vaccine is peptide-based vaccines. Peptides are short sequences of proteins, and diseases/infections use these proteins as part of their attack on the resistive system. In many cases, the immune system has the ability to recognise the proteins associated with an att ack by disease or infectious causing pathogens and can respond effectively. However as observed with many cancers, HIV, HCV and other conditions, an effective immune response is not triggered, hence the privation for newer vaccine developments including those based on peptides, which encompass single proteins or synthetic peptides encompassing many antigenic determinants (B- and T-cell epitopes) (Flower, 2013). Peptide vaccines are a type of subunit vaccine, which presents an antigen to the immune system, using the peptide of the original pathogen, supporting immunity. Such peptide-based vaccines avoid the adverse effects described with traditional whole-organism vaccines (Moisa and Kolesanova, 2012) with additional benefits also noted (Ben-Yedidia and Arnon, 1997), including The absence of infectious material An immune response that is peculiar(prenominal), focusing nevertheless on the targeted epitope, with the induction of site-specific antibodies No risk of an immune attack o r cross-reactivity with the swarm tissues Flexibility, with an ability to modify products accordingly Improved effectiveness in relation to manufacturing on a large scale, and long-term storage where necessary e.g. a pandemic. However, a number of difficulties have been encountered during the development of such vaccines (Simerska, Moyle and Toth, 2011 Dudek, Perlmutter, Aguilar, Croft and Purcell, 2010) including A short biological activity of peptides due to degradation by enzymes The trigger of a powerless immune response when used alone i.e. single peptidesFinding optimal delivery systems.As a result, and to overcome the difficulties mentioned above, synthetic peptide vaccines have been developed, on the stand that a greater more accurately targeted immune response will be achieved. Peptide antigens are not immunogenic by themselves, so this has led to investigations into co-administration of subunit peptide antigens with adjuvants (immunostimulants) to increase the peptide-i nduced responses to corresponding antigens. Appropriate delivery systems and oft virulent adjuvants have demonstrated effective immunity, however, although many adjuvants are described in the literature, only a a couple of(prenominal) have been approved for use with vaccines for delivery in humans due to their toxicity and admit water/oil emulsions, liposomes, and bacterial lipophilic compounds to offer a few examples (Heegaard et. al., 2010). Incomplete Freunds adjuvant (IFA) and Montanide ISA (both oil-based) have been used in clinical trials. Focusing on liposomes as another example, researchers have demonstrated that use of lipid core peptide (LCP) technology (lipidation of peptides) improves the effectiveness of a self-adjuvanting vaccine delivery system, targeting a specific disease and triggering an effective immune response. This system provides a promising platform for human vaccine development (Zhong, Skwarczynski and Toth, 2009 Moyle and Toth, 2008). In fleshly model s, peptide vaccines have been effective in generating the required immune response, and during recent years, peptide-based vaccines have advanced from living organism models and pre-clinical studies, to human clinical trials (Yang et al., 2001). Although currently, all known peptide vaccines under development for humans remain at the stage of clinical trials, these trials should build on the promising indorse resulting from research to date of the potential coat of vaccine candidates based on a LCP system, as well as other strategies. Prevention of not only many infectious diseases including hepatitis C virus, malaria, human immunodeficiency virus and conference A streptococci), but also for cancer immunotherapy and improved allergen specific tolerance, remains an exciting, and very literal possibility.Carbohydrate-based vaccinesThe development of vaccines based on carbohydrates not only has quite a history, but is also an area that is fast moving in the current research world. The literature provides evidence as far back as the early 1900s where researchers discovered a connection between type-specific polysaccharides and the induction of antibodies being developed against received types of pneumococci (Francis and Tillett, 1930). This was confirmed by evidence of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides being used as vaccines, providing effective and long lasting immunity (Heidelberger, Dilapi, Siegel and Walter, 1950). However despite these early findings, the discovery and success of other treatments such as antibiotics and chemotherapeutics led to this area of research being put on hold. As mentioned earlier however, due to change magnitude resistance to existing treatments such as antibiotics, coupled with the recognition for a need of newer treatments including improved vaccines, renewed interest into preventive vaccines has resulted in novel approaches, which include carbohydrate vaccines. Vaccines are commonly made from weakened pathogens, or, a s we now know, other approaches also use immunogenic proteins or polysaccharides. Carbohydrates have been the centre of attention in the research field of vaccination because not only do they exhibit more stability than proteins, but they have roles in both physiology and pathophysiology, including cell interaction and signalling, inflammation, pathogen host adhesion/recognition, to name a few examples (Doshi, Shanbhag, Aggarwal, Shahare and Martis, 2011). During the last ten years or so, they have been used as adjuvants, as carriers for protein antigens to aid immunotherapy, and as targets for vaccines against bacteria. Additionally, as observed with DNA and proteins, carbohydrates are now recognised as biopolymers also, playing a role in many molecular and biological activities (Doshi et. al., 2011). These discoveries, partnered by an improved understanding of the immune system and the identification of specific and relevant carbohydrate twists, led to the development of glyco mergeds, which in turn led to carbohydrate vaccine development (Holemann and Seeberger, 2004). Glycoconjugates are present in the surfaces of cells, as well as in the surrounding extracellular matrices and connective tissue. Therefore both the identified structure and presence of glyconjugates, plus the role they play, means they are a suitable basis for the development of new vaccines. Induction of protecting(prenominal) antibodies is key to an effective immune response as a result of a vaccine, and as with peptide vaccines, challenges have been evident in the research to develop effective carbohydrate vaccines, including the following Glycans attempt to effectively induce protective antibodies Carbohydrates have a low immunogenic impact by themselves (as observed with peptides). There are two main carbohydrate vaccine types 1. Natural carbohydrate vaccines these include small amounts of impurities 2. Synthetic carbohydrate vaccines these are produced with no contaminants, and ar e cost-effective due large-scale production. Synthetic carbohydrate antigens used to develop vaccines have triggered immune responses in clinical studies and are favourable given the risk of adverse effects with natural vaccines. Four crucial aspects need to be considered for the design of carbohydrate-based vaccines (Astronomo and Burton, 2010) The antigen source glycan antigens are diverse, ranging from large polysaccharide capsules, to small monosaccharides, to oligosaccharides, all of which have been shown to be adequate for preparation of vaccines. The carrier this is most often proteins, although other materials have been investigated, with the aim of ensuring that the link between the antigen and the carrier is specific. The method of conjugation (or ligation) protein conjugates, lipid conjugates and polyvalent scaffold conjugates have been developed. The success of a conjugate vaccine depends partly on the method of conjugation employed. This should be simple and efficient, as well as causing minimal distortion to the individual components involved, with many differing techniques used (Zou & Jennings, 2009 Ada and Isaacs, 2003). The choice of adjuvant required to improve immunogenicity of the carbohydrate antigens being targeted, with a limited choice approved for use in humans.Examples of diseases targeted by carbohydrate-based vaccines The discussion will now move on to the use of carbohydrate-based vaccines in three disease areas Group A Streptococcus (GAS), HIV/AIDS and Haemophilus flu type b. GAS The need for a safe, effective, affordable and practical vaccine against GAS (also known as Streptococcus pyogenes), has been recognised for many years, as has the research into a vaccine against this disease, given the global burden on health that this disease causes in particular in less developed countries. More than 500,000 deaths result from the GAS each year, with the bacteria causing a range of both less complicated and life-threatening illnesses (Carapetis, Steer, Mulholland and Weber, 2005). The diversity of GAS strains is the major challenge for the development of an anti-GAS vaccine, with more than 100 divers(prenominal) strains identified, of which the genetic sequence for several different strains have been determined (Johnson and Pinto, 2002). Research has identified that GAS bacteria contain a surface polysaccharide made up of long, repetitive polysaccharide chains. The conserved and constant arrangement of these chains suggests conjugate vaccines to be an attractive and achievable option, with animal models supporting this theory (Cunningham, 2000). Synthetic carbohydrate vaccines, although only studied in a limited set of GAS infections, have demonstrated a protective immune response (Robbins et al., 2009). In addition, some areas of research have center on the molecular analysis of a surface protein labelled the M protein, which is encoded by the emm gene. This particular gene has been found to be the major caus e of GAS related clinical manifestations (Smeesters, McMillan and Sriprakash, 2010). These findings have allowed a greater understanding of the functioning of specific proteins responsible for the virulence of the disease, which in turn, supports the development of potential GAS vaccines. Vaccine prevention of GAS and the resulting symptoms and complications has been a goal of researchers for many years. A number of vaccines have been in research development to offer protection against GAS, with the research vaccine strategies focusing on either M protein, or non-M protein antigens (Smeesters, 2014). However only those vaccines that use the M protein as the antigen have progressed to clinical trials (McNeil et. al., 2005), and have included conserved antigens coverage across the many strains of GAS, a type-specific vaccine based on the N-terminal fortune of the M protein, and a recombinant vaccine that reached stagecoach II clinical trials (Pandey, Wykes, Hartas, Good and Batzloff , 2013 Bauer, 2012). However no vaccine has currently reached licensing and so the diseases caused remain uncontrolled in many areas, with reviews covering the research suggesting that even those vaccines developed with the aim of providing large coverage of GAS strains, these vaccine might achieve acceptable coverage in developed countries, but in less developed countries where the disease burden is much greater, the positive impact of the vaccines would be much lower due to a greater strain diversity (Smeesters, McMillan, Sriprakash, and Georgousakis, 2009 Steer, Law, Matatolu, Beall and Carapetis, 2009 McMillan and Sanderson, 2013). Equally, antibiotic treatment is either impractical with regards to implementation (specifically in less developed countries) or ineffectual. One research group targeted the bacteria by synthesising a new self-adjuvanting vaccine candidate, incorporating a carbohydrate carrier and an amino acid-based adjuvant, resulting in successful synthesis and ch aracterisation of the vaccine candidate. This whitethorn contribute to the identification of a safe and effective vaccine against GAS in the future (Simerska et. al., 2008 Simerska, Lu and Toth, 2009). HIV/AIDS One of the main challenges researchers have faced within the field of vaccine development against HIV/AIDS, is that the virus surface is covered with layers of glycans, which conceal underlying viral antigens that are potential frank targets in the production of vaccines (Scanlan, Offer, Zitzmann, and Dwek, 2007). They are produced by the host cell, which makes the virus appear as self resulting in no attack being triggered by the host immune system. The layers of carbohydrate also contain mannose residues, making these another potential target for a vaccine aimed at preventing HIV infection, whereby lectins preferentially bind to ? 1-2 tie in mannose residues. Such lectins are being investigated as possible therapeutic tools (Tsai et al., 2004) although the fact that lecti ns are often toxic needs to be researched further to avoid the host immune system damaging host cells. Indeed, other drugs that are known to inhibit synthesis of carbohydrates only have this effect at often toxic concentrations to cause antiviral activity. Another strategy based on the same principle of developing a carbohydrate vaccine, is the identification of antibodies that again recognise and bind to glycans. (Scanlan et al., 2002, Scanlan et al., 2007). The antibody appears to recognize these glycans because although they belong to the host, they are arranged in a non-self manner (Scanlan et al., 2002 Scanlan et al., 2007), making the production of effective ant-HIV vaccines a real possibility, in addition to vaccines for other diseases such as cancer (Galonic and Gin, 2007). Studies have also been described using immune enhancing adjuvants, carrier peptides such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin and altered glycan structure constructs that support immune recognition in the develop ment of vaccines against cancer (Galonic and Gin, 2007). These same strategies are being used in development of possible HIV vaccines, where antibodies target self-carbohydrates arranged approximately differently on cancer cells and HIV-infected cells, in comparison to healthy cells. (Galonic and Gin, 2007). These approaches have not as yet led to clinically effective vaccines, but it is lapse that antibodies that strongly bind to carbohydrate antigens on, for example, prostate cancer cells, have been generated (Slovin et al., 2003) and this appears to be a highly promising approach. Further exploration is required based on the carbohydrate coat of the virus, which may lead to improved prevention treatment of HIV. Haemophilus influenza type bThe first synthetic vaccine for human application was developed in 2003 for protection against Haemophilus influenza type b vaccine, not only providing protection against this bacterium, but also against all the associated diseases it causes r anging from meningitis, septicaemia, pneumonia and arthritis (Doshi, Shanbhag, Aggarwal, Shahare and Martis, 2011). Indeed this bacterium is the leading cause of serious illnesses in children under 5 years worldwide. The majority of strains of Haemophilus influenza are non-encapsulated, and are lacking in any carbohydrate polysaccharide protective structure, as opposed to the GAS bacteria and HIV virus described earlier. This structural information armed researchers with the knowledge that carbohydrate polysaccharide conjugate vaccines would be required to ensure the development of an effective vaccine (Verez-Bencomo et. al., 2004). As a result, carbohydrate-based vaccines have been licensed for protection in humans against haemophilus influenza type b, using oligomerization and a carrier protein (Doshi et. al., 2011).Evidence of progressTo end this section of the discussion, several conjugate polysaccharide carbohydrate vaccines are now well into pre-clinical/clinical development, or have been licensed and are now commercially available. Examples of licensed vaccines include the following (Astronomo and Burton, 2010) Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) 4 carbohydrate-based vaccines are licensed via 3 different pharmaceutical companies ActHIB and Hiberix Pentacel PedvaxHIB and Comvax Neisseria meningitides A, C, Y and W-135 2 carbohydrate-based vaccines are licensed via the same pharmaceutical company Menactra and Menomune-A/C/Y/W-135 Salmonella typhi 1 carbohydrate- based vaccine is licensed TYPHIM Vi Streptococcus pneumonia variants 2 carbohydrate-based vaccines are licensed via 2 different pharmaceutical companies Prevnar and Pneumovax 23.Examples of carbohydrate-based vaccines in development include the following, where the disease is described in addition to the conformation of development (Astronomo and Burton, 2010) Breast cancer with 1 vaccine at the preclinical phase and a second at phase I prostatic cancer 4 vaccines are in development at the preclinical, phase I and phase II stages HIV-1 1 vaccine at the preclinical phase Group A streptococcus 1 vaccine at the preclinical phase Group B streptococcus 1 vaccine at phase II.ConclusionIt is fact that vaccines have had a major role to play in the success of preventing and treating many diseases, however many challenges remain. Diseases exist for which no effective vaccines have yet been discovered, including HIV/AIDs. In addition, diseases that have been controlled by vaccines in some parts of the world continue to affect the lives of people adversely in other areas where infrastructures for vaccination are poor/non-existent. Continued research is necessary to develop vaccines not only for those diseases with no vaccine available, but also to improve the effectiveness of existing vaccines. In addition to research focusing on novel and promising approaches such as carbohydrate and peptide based vaccines, efforts also need to concentrate on areas such as lower cost, more co nvenient delivery of vaccines, and longer-term protection. The future direction of research in this field has become focused with the help of new evidence-based information and promising data. 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AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 20(1) p. 1118.Verez-Bencomo, V., Fernandez-Santana, V., Hardy, E., Toledo, M.E., Rodriguez, M.C., Heynngnezz, L., Rodriguez, A., Ba ly, A., Herrera, L., Izquierdo, M., Villar, A., Valdes, Y., Cosme, K., Deler, M.L., Montane, M., Garcia, E., Ramos, A., Aguilar, A., Medina, E., Torano, G., Sosa, I., Hernandez, I., Martinez, R., Muzachio, A., Carmenates, A., Costa, L., Cardoso, F., Campa, C., Diaz, M. & Roy, R. (2004). A synthetic conjugate polysaccharide vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b. Science. 305(5683) p. 552-555.Wang, C.Y. & Walfield, A.M. (2005). Site-specific peptide vaccines for immunotherapy and immunization against chronic diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and for veterinary applications. Vaccine. 23(17-18) p. 20492056.Yang, D., Holt, G.E., Rudolf, M.P., Velders, M.P., Brandt, R.M.P., Kwon, E.D. & Kast, W.M. (2001). Peptide Vaccines. In New Vaccine Technologies. Chapter 12 p. 214-226.Zhong, W., Skwarczynski, M. & Toth, I. (2009) Lipid Core Peptide System for Gene, Drug, and Vaccine Delivery. Australian Journal of Chemistry. 62 p. 956967.Zou, W.. & Jennings, H.J. (2009). Preparation of g lycoconjugate vaccines. In Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines and Immunotherapies. Chapter 2.

Employer Health Coverage: Cost Control Essay

Health insurance benefits are a large factor that employees moot when looking for employment. Employers are looking to provide insurance that is cost effective for the employer. Choosing what type of insurance to provide can have different effects on the profitability of the employer. Here is a comparison of the cost effectiveness of employer-sponsored health care and self-funded health plans. In employer-sponsored health plans the employer buys health insurance from an insurance company. The benevolent resources department manages the group health plan (GHP) and they negotiate costs and different coverage plans with the insurance company and then select what is offered to the employees. This helps the employer save money by negotiating for deals and choosing what will be offered to employees. The employer can carve out specific items during negotiations, like prescription drug coverage in order to save money. GHPs in addition include riders. These are certain options that the emp loyer doesnt pay for. Riders are purchased by the employee directly from the insurance company to cover things like vision and dental services. GHPs have open enrollment periods in which employees choose the coverage options they desire. This is the only time coverage changes can be made.Thus, the employer saves money during the year beca practice insurances coverage isnt constantly changing. Self-insured health plans are ones where they employer covers the cost of health benefits. This saves an employer money because they can set the premium rate on their claims history. Any money not use towards benefits can be saved and invested. If claims are above projected figures, stop-loss insurance will cover the difference not the company. Self-insured employers, many times will use third-party claims administrators. They are hired to collect premiums and to process and make claims. This saves thecompany from the cost of performing these tasks themselves. Provider internets are doctors, h ealth care workers and hospitals that accept the employer health plans. intimately are contracted with the employer or insurance company to perform specific services at reduced rates. This saves the company money. Many times, if employees use out of ne twork providers the cost difference is an out of pocket expense for the employee saving the company money. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) limits the ability of insurance companies and employers to deny benefits to employees (and their family members if applicable) because of preexist conditions.This actually costs the company more money because they cannot deny benefits in most circumstances. Other state laws require employers to have a minimum bill of benefits for employees. This is called creditable coverage. This can in like manner cost the employer more money because they have to adhere to a minimum standard of benefits for employees. Employer sponsored and fully funded insurance are tw o choices companies have to offer health insurance to employees. There are ways for employers to save money by what they allow to be offered to employees. State and Federal laws also demand certain coverage for employees. This leaves employees with many options to take into account when choosing an employer to work for.

How Has Huck Changed Essay

In the beginning novel, Huck struggles against society and its attempts to civilize himself, which was represented by the Widow Douglas, Miss Watson, and some other adults. Later, this conflict gains more focus in Hucks dealings with Jim, as Huck must decide whether to turn Jim in, as society demands, or to protect and help his friend instead. The most significant way in which Huck changes his attitude is with Jim, by excepting him as a person. Towards the end of chapter 15, Huck plays a trick on Jim when they got separated in the fog. Huck tries to convince Jim that hes been drinking because when they found each other, Huck explains hes never gone anywhere, hes been by his side the whole time.Then Huck goes off saying, Well, this is too many for me, Jim. I haint see fog, nor no islands nor no troubles You couldnt a got drunk in that time, so of course youve been dreaming. (84) Jim at this point is confused because how can he dream all that in ten minutes. Later on, as Huck realizes that lying to Jim about that whole incident was wrong of him, he apologizes to him.It was quite a thing for a dust coat person to apologize to a black person in that time so it show that he is growing emotions towards Jim. He realizes why lie to him if dingy people get taken advantage of all the time, Huck didnt want to be one of those white people who did. More important, he last takes charge and tells the truth no matter what the outcome is, and has changed from a juvenile son who doesnt care if others are tricked, to a more civilized boy who protects innocent people.

Eggplant to floor wax introduction Essay

One of the many problems of any home or al-Qaida is keeping the shininess and the cleanliness of the stem and only thing that make this possible is the product called Floor wax it is applied on trading deck surfaces to make it scuff-resistant, water-resistant, example resistant and glossy. It provides a thin, protective and hard surface layer when applied to flooring.In this modern age, floor polishes is made from synthetic materials and with the advancement of synthetics so does floor wax, each passing day over half a million people are using floor wax even as we chat someone is using it But of all the useful traits that floor wax gives us at our floors there are always disadvantages to it and the first disadvantage is our environment, since floor wax is made out of highly synthetic materials its is non-biodegradable.The second is that floor wax contains toxic substances that can either pretend severe damage to homo and animal life if came in contact. Third is prolong exposu re of its unpleasant smell can cause different problems by dint ofout the body. Fourth is that it can cause damage to the plants since floor wax contains volatile substances that can block plants from doing photosynthesis Despite the recent efforts by various organizations efforts to educate the public about the toxic dangers of floor wax no one seems to believe them due to the effectiveness of the modern floor wax but still its harming our environment.Our research aims to put these problems away through the use of eggplant leaves, by the use of eggplant leaves we can eliminate the problems of toxic materials exposing human and plants and making the floor wax safe to dispose at the environment because it can degrade over time plus making it 2 times more cheaper and the most important part is we can agree results, texture and luster of a commercially produced floor wax.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixty-three

CatelynThe woods were full of whispers.Moonlight winked on the tumbling waters of the stream below as it wound its rocky way a ache the floor of the vale. Beneath the trees, warhorses whicke rubor softly and pawed at the moist, leafy ground, tour custody made nervous jests in hushed voices. Now and again, she heard the chink of spears, the faint metal-looking slither of chain mail, but even those honests were muffled.It should not be long now, my lady, Hallis Mollen natural spring tongue to. He had asked for the honor of defend her in the battle to come it was his right, as Winterfells captain of defends, and Robb had not refused it to him. She had thirty custody most her, charged to keep her unharmed and imbibe her safely home to Winterfell if the fighting went against them. Robb had wanted fifty Catelyn had insisted that ten would be enough, that he would need every sword for the fight. They made t heritor peace at thirty, neither happy with it.It leave al mavin come wh en it comes, Catelyn told him. When it came, she knew it would mean death. Hals death perhaps . . . or hers, or Robbs. No one was safe. No life directence was certain. Catelyn was content to wait, to listen to the whispers in the woods and the faint music of the brook, to feel the warm wind in her hair.She was no stranger to waiting, after all. Her men had ever made her wait. Watch for me, little cat, her father would always tell her, when he rode off to court or fair or battle. And she would, standing patiently on the battlements of Riverrun as the waters of the Red Fork and the Tumblestone flowed by. He did not always come when he verbalise he would, and days would ofttimes pass as Catelyn stood her vigil, peering out between crenels and through arrow loops until she caught a glimpse of ennoble Hoster on his old brown gelding, trotting along the rivershore toward the landing. Did you watch for me? hed ask when he operoseening to bug her. Did you, little cat?Brandon Stark ha d bid her wait as sound. I shall not be long, my lady, he had vowed. We will be wed on my return. Yet when the day came at last, it was his br otherwise Eddard who stood beside her in the sept.Ned had lingered scarcely a fort nighttime with his new bride before he too had ridden off to war with promises on his lips. At least he had left-hand(a) her with more than words he had given her a son. club moons had waxed and waned, and Robb had been born in Riverrun while his father still warred in the south. She had brought him fore in business and pain, not knowing whether Ned would ever see him. Her son. He had been so small . . .And now it was for Robb that she waited . . . for Robb, and for Jaime Lannister, the gilded cavalry who men verbalize had never learned to wait at all. The Kingslayer is restless, and quick to anger, her uncle Brynden had told Robb. And he had wagered their lives and their best intrust of victory on the truth of what he said.If Robb was frightened, he ga ve no sign of it. Catelyn watched her son as he moved among the men, touching one on the shoulder, sharing a jest with another, helping a troika to gentle an anxious horse. His armor clinked softly when he moved. Only his head was bargon. Catelyn watched a breeze shift his auburn hair, so like her own, and wondered when her son had grown so big. Fifteen, and near as tall as she was.Let him grow taller, she asked the gods. Let him know sixteen, and twenty, and fifty. Let him grow as tall as his father, and bewilder his own son in his arms. Please, please, please. As she watched him, this tall young valet de chambre with the new beard and the direwolf prowling at his heels, all she could see was the babe they had laid at her breast at Riverrun, so long ago.The night was warm, but the thought of Riverrun was enough to act her shiver. Where are they? she wondered. Could her uncle have been wrong? So much be on the truth of what he had told them. Robb had given the Blackfish three hundred picked men, and sent them ahead to harbour his march. Jaime does not know, Ser Brynden said when he rode sustain. Ill stake my life on that. No bird has reached him, my archers have seen to that. Weve seen a few of his outriders, but those that saw us did not live to tell of it. He ought to have sent out more. He does not know.How large is his host? her son asked.Twelve thousand foot, scattered approximately the castle in three separate camps, with the rivers between, her uncle said, with the craggy smile she remembered so well. There is no other way to besiege Riverrun, yet still, that will be their undoing. Two or three thousand horse.The Kingslayer has us three to one, said Galbart Gloer.True enough, Ser Brynden said, yet thither is one thing Ser Jaime lacks.Yes? Robb asked.Patience.Their host was greater than it had been when they left the Twins. Lord Jason Mallister had brought his power out from Seagard to join them as they swept around the headwaters of the Blue Fo rk and galloped south, and others had crept forth as well, hedge knights and small lords and masterless men-at-arms who had fled north when her brother Edmures army was shattered beneath the walls of Riverrun. They had set their horses as hard as they dared to reach this place before Jaime Lannister had word of their coming, and now the hour was at hand.Catelyn watched her son mount up. Olyvar Frey held his horse for him, Lord Walders son, two years older than Robb, and ten years jr. and more anxious. He strapped Robbs shield in place and handed up his helm. When he lowered it over the face she loved so well, a tall young knight sat on his grey-headed entire where her son had been. It was dark among the trees, where the moon did not reach. When Robb turned his head to look at her, she could see only black inside his visor. I must ride down the line, Mother, he told her. Father says you should allow the men see you before a battle.Go, wherefore, she said. Let them see you.It will give them courage, Robb said.And who will give me courage? she wondered, yet she kept her silence and made herself smile for him. Robb turned the big grey stallion and walked him slowly away from her, Grey Wind shadowing his steps. Behind him his battle guard formed up. When hed obligate Catelyn to accept her protectors, she had insisted that he be guarded as well, and the lords bannermen had agreed. Many of their sons had clamored for the honor of riding with the Young Wolf, as they had taken to calling him. Torrhen Karstark and his brother Eddard were among his thirty, and Patrek Mallister, Smalljon Umber, Daryn Hornwood, Theon Greyjoy, no less than five of Walder Freys vast brood, along with older men like Ser Wendel Manderly and Robin Flint. One of his companions was even a woman Dacey Mormont, Lady Maeges eldest daughter and heir to Bear Island, a lanky six-footer who had been given a morningstar at an age when most girls were given dolls. almost of the other lords muttered about that, but Catelyn would not listen to their complaints. This is not about the honor of your houses, she told them. This is about tutelage my son alive and whole.And if it comes to that, she wondered, will thirty be enough? Will six thousand be enough?A bird called faintly in the distance, a high sharp trill that tangle like an icy hand on Catelyns neck. Another bird acted a third, a fourth. She knew their call well enough, from her years at Winterfell. Snow shrikes. Sometimes you saw them in the incomprehensible of winter, when the godswood was white and still. They were northern birds.They are coming, Catelyn thought.Theyre coming, my lady, Hal Mollen whispered. He was always a man for stating the obvious. Gods be with us.She nodded as the woods grew still around them. In the quiet she could hear them, farther off yet moving closer the t articulate of many horses, the sound of swords and spears and armor, the murmur of human voices, with here a laugh, and there a curse .Eons seemed to come and go. The sounds grew louder. She heard more laughter, a shouted command, splashing as they crossed and recrossed the little stream. A horse snorted. A man swore. And then at last she saw him . . . only for an instant, framed between the branches of the trees as she looked down at the valley floor, yet she knew it was him. Even at a distance, Ser Jaime Lannister was unmistakable. The corn liquor had silvered his armor and the gold of his hair, and turned his crimson entomb to black. He was not wearing a helm.He was there and he was gone again, his silvery armor obscured by the trees once more. Others came behind him, long columns of them, knights and blaspheme swords and freeriders, three quarters of the Lannister horse.He is no man for sitting in a tent while his carpenters build siege towers, Ser Brynden had promised. He has ridden out with his knights thrice already, to chase down raiders or storm a stubborn holdfast.Nodding, Robb had studied the map her uncle had drawn him. Ned had taught him to read maps. Raid him here, he said, pointing. A few hundred men, no more. Tully banners. When he comes after you, we will be waitinghis finger moved an inch to the lefthere.Here was a hush in the night, moonlight and shadows, a thick carpet of deadened leaves underfoot, densely wooded ridges sloping gently down to the streambed, the undergrowth thinning as the ground fell away. Here was her son on his stallion, glancing back at her one last time and lifting his sword in salute.Here was the call of Maege Mormonts warhorn, a long low fringe that rolled down the valley from the east, to tell them that the last of Jaimes riders had entered the trap.And Grey Wind threw back his head and howled.The sound seemed to go right through Catelyn Stark, and she found herself shivering. It was a terrible sound, a frightening sound, yet there was music in it too. For a second she felt something like pity for the Lannisters below. So this is what death s ounds like, she thought.HAAroooooooooooooooooooooooo came the answer from the far ridge as the Greatjon winded his own horn. To east and west, the trumpets of the Mallisters and Freys blew vengeance. North, where the valley narrowed and set like a cocked elbow, Lord Karstarks warhorns added their own deep, mournful voices to the dark chorus. Men were shouting and horses rearing in the stream below.The whispering wood let out its breath all at once, as the bowmen Robb had conceal in the branches of the trees let fly their arrows and the night erupted with the screams of men and horses. All around her, the riders raised their lances, and the dirt and leaves that had bury the cruel bright points fell away to reveal the gleam of sharpened steel. Winterfell she heard Robb shout as the arrows sighed again. He moved away from her at a trot, leading his men downhill.Catelyn sat on her horse, unmoving, with Hal Mollen and her guard around her, and she waited as she had waited before, for Brandon and Ned and her father. She was high on the ridge, and the trees hid most of what was going on beneath her. A heartbeat, two, four, and dead it was as if she and her protectors were alone in the wood. The rest were melted away into the green.Yet when she looked across the valley to the far ridge, she saw the Greatjons riders emerge from the darkness beneath the trees. They were in a long line, an endless line, and as they conflagrate from the wood there was an instant, the smallest part of a heartbeat, when all Catelyn saw was the moonlight on the points of their lances, as if a thousand willowisps were coming down the ridge, wreathed in silver flame.Then she blinked, and they were only men, rushing down to refine or die.Afterward, she could not claim she had seen the battle. Yet she could hear, and the valley rang with echoes. The crack of a broken lance, the clash of swords, the cries of Lannister and Winterfell and Tully Riverrun and Tully When she recognise there was no more to see, she closed her eyes and listened. The battle came alive around her. She heard hoofbeats, agitate boots splashing in shallow water, the woody sound of swords on oaken shields and the scrape of steel against steel, the shuttle of arrows, the thunder of drums, the terrified screaming of a thousand horses. Men shouted curses and begged for mercy, and got it (or not), and lived (or died). The ridges seemed to play queer tricks with sound. at once she heard Robbs voice, as clear as if hed been standing at her side, calling, To me To me And she heard his direwolf, snarling and growling, heard the snap of those long teeth, the tearing of flesh, shrieks of fear and pain from man and horse alike. Was there only one wolf? It was hard to be certain.Little by little, the sounds dwindled and died, until at last there was only the wolf. As a red dawn broke in the east, Grey Wind began to howl again.Robb came back to her on a diverse horse, riding a piebald gelding in the place of the grey stallion he had taken down into the valley. The wolfs head on his shield was slashed half to pieces, raw wood showing where deep gouges had been hacked in the oak, but Robb himself seemed unhurt. Yet when he came closer, Catelyn saw that his mailed glove and the sleeve of his surcoat were black with blood. Youre hurt, she said.Robb displace his hand, opened and closed his fingers. No, he said. This is . . . Torrhens blood, perhaps, or . . . He shook his head. I do not know.A mob of men followed him up the slope, dirty and dented and grinning, with Theon and the Greatjon at their head. Between them they dragged Ser Jaime Lannister. They threw him down in precedent of her horse. The Kingslayer, Hal announced, unnecessarily.Lannister raised his head. Lady Stark, he said from his knees. Blood ran down one cheek from a cut of meat across his scalp, but the pale light of dawn had put the glint of gold back in his hair. I would offer you my sword, but I seem to have mislai d it.It is not your sword I want, ser, she told him. Give me my father and my brother Edmure. Give me my daughters. Give me my lord husband.I have mislaid them as well, I fear.A pity, Catelyn said coldly.Kill him, Robb, Theon Greyjoy urged. Take his head off.No, her son answered, peeling off his blinking(a) glove. Hes more use alive than dead. And my lord father never condoned the murder of prisoners after a battle.A wise man, Jaime Lannister said, and honorable.Take him away and put him in irons, Catelyn said.Do as my lady mother says, Robb commanded, and make certain theres a strong guard around him. Lord Karstark will want his head on a pike.That he will, the Greatjon agreed, gesturing. Lannister was led away to be bandaged and chained.Why should Lord Karstark want him dead? Catelyn asked.Robb looked away into the woods, with the same brooding look that Ned often got. He . . . he killed them . . . Lord Karstarks sons, Galbart Glover explained.Both of them, said Robb. Torrhen and Eddard. And Daryn Hornwood as well.No one can fault Lannister on his courage, Glover said. When he saw that he was lost, he rallied his retainers and fought his way up the valley, hoping to reach Lord Robb and cut him down. And almost did.He mislaid his sword in Eddard Karstarks neck, after he took Torrhens hand off and split Daryn Hornwoods skull open, Robb said. All the time he was shouting for me. If they hadnt act to stop himI should then be mourning in place of Lord Karstark, Catelyn said. Your men did what they were sworn to do, Robb. They died protecting their liege lord. Grieve for them. Honor them for their valor. But not now. You have no time for grief. You whitethorn have lopped the head off the snake, but three quarters of the body is still coiled around my fathers castle. We have won a battle, not a war.But such a battle said Theon Greyjoy eagerly. My lady, the realm has not seen such a victory since the Field of Fire. I vow, the Lannisters lost ten men for every one of ours that fell. Weve taken close to a hundred knights captive, and a dozen lords bannermen. Lord Westerling, Lord Banefort, Ser Garth Greenfield, Lord Estren, Ser Tytos Brax, Mallor the Dornishman . . . and three Lannisters besides Jaime, Lord Tywins own nephews, two of his sisters sons and one of his dead brothers . . . And Lord Tywin? Catelyn interrupted. need you perchance taken Lord Tywin, Theon?No, Greyjoy answered, brought up short.Until you do, this war is far from done.Robb raised his head and pushed his hair back out of his eyes. My mother is right. We still have Riverrun.

Internship Report on Banking Business Activities of Mercantile Bank Limited, Satmasjid Road Branch Dhaka.

Internship chronicle On shoreING BUSINESS ACTIVITIES OF MERCANTILE BANK hold, SATMASJID ROAD BRANCH DHAKA. pic Submission Date fifteenth n aneember, 2009 Prepargond for Prof. Md. Ashraf Hossain Dean, aim Of melody Asiatic University of Bangladesh Dhanmondi Complex House 36, way 27 (Old), 16 (New) Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka-1209 pic Prep bed ByJOBYDA JESMIN ID 200521050 Batch 24th Section Finance Program BBA Dhanmondi Complex Asian University of Bangladesh Letter of Transmittal 15th November, 2009 Prof. Md. Ashraf Hossain Dean, School of task Asian University of BangladeshSubject Submission of Internship field. Sir, Its my great pleasure to go on the Internship stem titled coasting Business Activities of Mer chamberpottile m geniusy box particular that you concur asked me to prep are as a fond(p) ful take onment of my graduation. I fork out tried my best during tether months ca-caing extent to fol suffering the bid of you in preparing this deal. Throughout the impertinentspaper I tried to demonst step the available operate matter of this break of billsmaking(a) propertybox Limited. Fin bothy, I would like to thank you for your valuable guidance and advice for preparing this report.I thereby strongly hope and believe that you would be kind enough to accept this report and introduce me a pleasure to be obliged. Thanking for your sentence and reviews. Sincerely Yours, JOBYDA JESMIN ID 200521050 Batch 24th Section Finance Program BBA Dhanmondi Complex Asian University of Bangladesh Acknowledgement prototypal of all I would like to express my dense gratitude to the almighty apiece(prenominal)ah for preparing this internship report successfully. Internship is the rive of the Bachelor of Business Administration (B. B. A. ) program that provides on the job experience for the scholars.The students get chance to work closely with the battalion of the organization and l make up roughly the functions, responsibility and the enviro nment of the organization. The internship program enables a student to develop their analytical skills and scholastic aptitudes and to have a real-life orientation of the academic knowledge. I express my deep gratefulness to Mr. Md. Sadruzzaman, Executive criminality President, for his kind permission to allow me for three months practical orientation in Mercantile wedge. My special gratitude goes to Mr.Shamim Ahmed, Senior Vice-President & Manager of Mercantile wedge Ltd, Satmasjid Road sort, for his modern outlook and meticulous supervision to carry out the job perfectly. I am rattling grateful to Mr. Mamun Hossain, Executive military mathematical functionr, for dowery me a lot. More all over I am very much thankful to my internship in- sprout in versatile departments and all the officers of Mercantile margin Ltd of Satmasjid Road weapon system for helping me very much although having their busyness. Without their help and friendly co exercise it could be very much dif ficult for me to complete the report in magazine.So aadd-on I take to express my gratitude to all of them. Acronyms MBL = Mercantile chamfer Ltd. AD = Authorize Dealer PO = Pay locate A/C = Account CDS = Central puzzleory System DD = Demand Draft ERC = trade adaptation Certificate FDBC = inappropriate Documentary Bills For Collection OBC = external Bills for accretion IBC = Inward Bills for Collection GDP = gross Domestic Product TT = Telegraphy Transfer L/C = Letter Of reliance BR = brinkers Report IBCA = Inter branch attribute advice IBDA = Inter arm Debit Advice IMF = world-wide Monitory storehouse IRC = Import Registration Certificate KYC = Know Your Customer CCI & E = Chief Controller Of Import & trade LDBP = Local Documentary Bills Purchases FC = contradictory Currency TIN = Tax Identification Number LCAF = Letter of realization Authorization Form BTB = Back to Back FDBC = Foreign Document Bill Collection SWIFT = edict For Worldwide Inter Bank pecuniary Telecommunication FDBP = Foreign Documentary Bill Purchased Executive summer-floweringThis is an internship report based on the internship program took stain in Mercantile Bank Ltd, Satmasjid Road Branch, The of import objective of this report is to tumble the Banking Business Activities and performance of Mercantile Bank Ltd. I got only three months to gather practical knowledge from this branch, although it was too difficult to gather upper limit and proper knowledge indoors this short-change range of m. on that point is a great makeive role of stranding system in kind society. It plays a vital role for the economic ontogeny of a solid ground. Banks are fiscal-service firms, producing and selling professional revolve about of the publics funds as puff up as performing m either other roles in the economy. The ask was to analyze Banking Business Activities of Mercantile Bank Ltd, Satmasjid Road Branch especially ? habitual camber ing ? Foreign Exchange and remission of sin book of facts & get on department Firstly, I worked for one month in General Banking. During this period I tried my best to describe most of the basic stuffs. alter section was in-chief(postnominal) part to focus on. There were other sections such as Account unmannerlying section, Com stupefyer section, hard currency counter section. second month I worked in the give and Advance sector. And I tried my best to netherstand what to atomic pile about, what to think about when approaching for any loan proposal. In the final days, I was in Foreign Exchange department. There I was involved in learning the Import LC, Export LC, the operation of prat to back LC, Lodgment & settlement of LC, IBP & FBP etc.Most of all I tried heart & understanding to present all that I have learnt & thought to be comprehensive to me. Though a short time I got to be introduced with all the activities of situate but I tried my best to give full of me in t he practical orientation in patois as well as in the report writing. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One Introduction Page No. 1. 1 Introduction 11 1. 2 Background of the reckon. .. 12 1. 3 Rational of the Report.. . 12 1. 4 Objectives of the Report 13 1. 5 Methodology . 14 1. 6 Scope of the report . 15 1. 7 Limitations of the Study. 5 Chapter Two Overview of Mercantile Bank Ltd. 2. 1 Banking sector in Bangladesh 17 2. 2 historical background of MBL . 18 2. 3 Vision military mission & objectives of MBL20 2. 4 Core values 21 2. 5 Management tone of MBL.. 22 2. 6 constituental aspect of MBL.. 23 2. 7 Branch Ne devilrk 24 2. 8 Information about the Satmasjid Road Branch. 26 2. 9 fiscal Performance of MBL.. 27 2. 10 Nature of Business28 2. 1 Financial Products and Services of MBL 29 2. 12 address Policy of MBL.. 33 Chapter Three General Banking Activities 3. 1 Introduction. 35 3. 2 Account Opening 36 3. 3 Different Types of dodge and Features 39 3. 4 Cash segment 45 3. 5 Clearing H ouse 46 3. 6 issuing PO, DD, TT .. 47 3. 7 Dispatch 7 3. 8 military issue Cheque 48 3. 9 Closing of an Account49 Chapter Four Foreign Exchange division 4. 1 Introduction .. 52 4. 3 Letter of acknowledgment (L/C) .. 53 4. 4 Parties to Letter of Credit 54 4. 5 Import Procedures. 57 4. 6 Requirements of an importer to open an L/C 58 4. 7 Lodgment of Import Document 62 4. 8 Export Section. .. 65 4. Back to Back L/C .. .. 66 4. 10 Documents required for enterprise a Back to back L/C.. 66 4. 11 Foreign Remittance.. 67 4. 12 Foreign Correspondent Bank. 68 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Five Credit DepartmentPage No. 5. 1 Introduction .. 72 5. 2 Importance of Credit.. .. 73 5. 3 Forms of Advances. 74 5. 4 Process of loan sanction 75 5. 5 Different types of loan and interest rates.. .. 78 5. 6 Types of Credit scheme make by the MBL .. 79 5. bring categories and their Features.. .. 83 . 5. 8 Credit Policy of MBL94 5. 9 Credit bump Management of MBL . 95 5. 10 Credit Risk Grading. 97 5. 11 Mechanism of Credit Distribution of the MBL.. 101 5. 12 Necessary Documents for Loan Settlement 103 5. 13 Credit Recovery of MBL.. 104 Chapter Six Others Services of MBL 6. 1 Cards of MBL. 108 6. 2 Online Banking 109 6. 3 SMS Banking services.. .. 110 6. 4 SME Service Centre. 10 6. 5 MBL Brokerage House111 Chapter septet Conclusion 7. 1 Findings.. 113 7. 2 Recommendation 114 7. 3 Conclusion119 7. 4 Bibliography. 120 pic Chapter 01 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Introduction 1. 2 Background of the believe 1. 3 Rationale of the report 1. 4Objectives of the Report 1. 5Methodology 1. 6Scope of the report 1. 7Limitations of the scan 1. 1 Introduction Internship is a temporary work program in which a student can gain supervised practical experience in a particular professional field.It is the period of time during which a novice in a field serves in a subordinate capacity and continues to gain experience the learning period before one becomes an expert. Practical friendship is highly invo lve to chalk up with the theoretical idea and knowledge. Banking industries are the best organization to practice the theoretical knowledge. This sector plays very significant role in the economic life of the nation. The health of the economy is closely related to the soundness of its banking system. Although banks crap no sore wealth but their acquire, lend and related activities assuage the process of production, distribution, exchange and usage of wealth. In this way they become very effective partners in the process of economic teaching.Within our boorish there are government banks, semi government banks, backstage sector technical banks of Bangladesh and in addition it is the second-generation private bank in Bangladesh. It started its important moment when Bangladesh economy was undergoing by means of massive economy reforms and pursing unilateral and miscellaneous trade liberalization with the backdrop of the World Bank made international Monitory Fund *IMF* r oot onation. This Mercantile Bank Ltd with its 42 Branches in Manipulate location of the country providing the best feature services to the clients and customers. For the age of my 3 months internship period from 1st July to 8th October , 2009 in Mercantile Bank Ltd.Those types of experiences I have acquired these are bring together to formulate this report. 1. 2. Background of the think over Banks play an important role in the occupation sector and promoting industrialization and economic teaching of a country. Banks provide necessary funds for executing various programs underway in the process of economic development. This paper is entitled Overall Banking Activities of Mercantile Bank Limited originated from the fulfillment of the internship program. I have selected this topic to have insight knowledge about the Activities of Mercantile Bank Limited and to get an idea about the various types of stay put, loan which are mostly provided.This study allow for also give me a va gue idea about the rules and regulations of providing loan, loan recovery and overall lending functions of a commercial message bank. afterward three months of internship period I am supposed to prepare this report revealing findings, knowledge as well as experience gathered during internship period. 1. 3. Rationale of the report Knowledge and learning become perfect when it is associated with theory and practice. Theoretical knowledge gets its perfection with practical application. As our educational system predominantly text based, inclusion practical orientation program, as an academic component is as exception to the norm.As the parties, educational institution and the organization substantially benefit from such a program, it seems a win-win situation. It establishes contracts and networking contracts. Contracts whitethorn help to get a job. That is, students can train and prepare themselves for the job market. A poor country like Bangladesh has an overwhelming number of unem ployed educated graduates. As they have no internship experience they have non been able to gain normal professional experience of establish networking system, which is important in getting a job. Recognizing the importance of practical experience, an opportunity is offered by Asian University of Bangladesh for ts potential byplay graduates to get three months practical experience, which is kn possess is as Internship Program. For the competition of this internship program, the author of the study was spaced in a bank namely, Mercantile Bank Limited. Internship Program brings a student impending to the real life situation and thereby helps to launch a career with some prior experience. 1. 4. Objectives of the Report ? Broad Objective The study was conducted to make a review and analysis of the activities of MBL which include General banking, Credit Department and Foreign Exchange Sector. This paper attempts to discuss overall activities of MBL prescribed so far by Bangladesh Ba nk with a view to ensuring pecuniary soundness of the banking sector.The purpose was also to make recommendations for improving the quality and soundness of those processes for consideration of the bank management. ? Specific Objectives The specific objectives of this study are as follows To present an over view of MBL. To know about the area of general Banking. To analysis the Lending procedures maintained by MBL. To key chief(prenominal) Lending activities of MBL. To evaluate Lending performance of MBL. To know Foreign Exchange operations of MBL. To recommend suggestions for the successful Banking Operations of MBL. 1. 5. Methodology For teaming up the data & data collected through primary & alternate comes, I have employ both qualitative & quantitative method.During my study I followed some methodological analysis to find out the fact & feature of the Bank which are attached as follows (A) Area of study My project is the overall activities of MBL with reference to Saatmasjid Road Branch, Dhaka. In order to carry out the research work, I focused on taking the interviews of the Personnel involved in the different departments, Manager and Senior train Employees, Business Clients and Account Holders and Particular departmental honchos. (B) Sources of data/ study I have collected my information/data from the adjacent sources, which helped me to make this report. The source has divided by two parts. Such as, 01.Primary source 02. Secondary source Primary sources Many of the data and information were collected from my practical experience and queries from the executives and from related instruments while doing my internship at MBL. Secondary sources Secondary data are collected basically from observation & collection from Journals, Brochures, Annual Reports, Paper, Magazines, Publications, Books and others form of publications as well as websites. Different statistical tools like mean, frequency distribution, tabular and graphical presentation ar e used to analyze data. 1. 6. Scope of the report In this report I tried to describe overall banking performance.This report is a descriptive study which tries to focus on the theories and practices of banking activities in the context of the financial institutions in Bangladesh. It impart not focus on the comparable practices of other banks. The study has covered a curtail idea on MBL, operational scenario of three departments of Mercantile Bank Limited, Saatmasjid Road Branch. Mentioning that, operations of three departments are closely related to to each one departments activity as well. This give eventually refer that how the bank help the customers securing their cash and assets, getting credit facility, repaying loan add and banks regulatory compliance ,lending policy etc. Overall banking system for gathering experience, my plan time was divided in various departments, such as Department Days General Banking 25 Clearing 15 Investment & Credit 25 Foreign Exchange Div ision 25 1. 7. Limitations of the study In conducting the study, some problems were created which may be confinesed as encumberations of the study. They are as follows The study does not cover critical analysis and implementations of comparative study in an intensive manner. During my internship program up to date information was not published. Relevant papers and documents were not available sufficiently. The time of this study was very inadequate to happen depth knowledge in every department. The bank officials though helpful in every appreciate do not have much time to explain the internal procedures. Another limitation of this report is Banks policy of not disclosing some data and information for obvious reason, which could be very much useful. This study completely depended on official records and annual reports. Sufficient record, publications, facts and figures were not available, these constraints narrowed the electron orbit of accurate analysis. This report is restricted only to Mercantile Bank Ltd. pic Chapter 02 Overview of Mercantile Bank Ltd. 2. 1. Banking sector in Bangladesh 2. 2.Historical Background of MBL 2. 3. Vision, Mission and objectives of the bank 2. 4. Core values 2. 5. Management aspect of MBL 2. 6. Divisional aspect of MBL 2. 7. Branch Network 2. 8 Information about the Satmasjid Road Branch. 2. 9Financial Performance of MBL 2. 10Nature of Business 2. 11. Financial products and services of MBL 2. 12 Credit Policy of MBL 2. 1. Banking sector in Bangladesh Banking system occupies an important place in an economy. A banking institution is indispensable in modern society. It plays a liberalization of economics policies in Bangladesh. Certainly banks can be identified by the functions they perform in the economy.Banks act as financial in lineediary by deportationring funds from inditers to borrowers and in paying for goods and services. In 1971, Bangladesh, was East Pakistan, emerged as an independent country. In immedia tely nationalized the entire Banks expanding 3 Foreign Banks, six home(a)ize Banks were thus formed. In 1983 a spic-and-span policy was implemented allowing private sector participation in the industrialization. As a part of this process, two national commercial Banks were against denationalization and a number of Private Commercial Banks were allowed to operate. Among these Pubali Bank and Uttara Bank were the original to be decentralized. Particulars Number of Banks Nationalized commercial Bank 04 Privatized commercial Bank 30 Specialize Bank 05 Foreign Bank 10 Co- Operative Bank 01 Grameen Bank 01 Total = 51 Table 1 order of business Banks in Bangladesh. 2. 2. Historical Background of MBL Mercantile Bank Limited emerged as a new commercial bank to provide efficient banking services and to contribute socio-economic development of the country. The Bank commenced its operation on June 2, 1999. The Bank provides a broad range of financial services to its customers and bodied clients. The poster of Directors consists of gallant personalities from the realm of commerce and industries of the country.Mercantile Bank Ltd (MBL) was in unifiedd in Bangladesh as a Public Company, Limited by shares under the Companies Act 1994 as on May 20, 1999 and subsequently obtained Banking Operation License from Bangladesh Bank under the Bank Companies Act 1991 and commenced commercial operation on 02 June 1999 to provide efficient banking services and to contribute socio-economic development of the country. The bank has 42 branches and 3 SME service center. It has listed in the Stock Exchanges at Dhaka and Chittagong in 2003 and 2004 respectively. The Founder of MBL is commit to make it a little more different and a bit special qualitatively. This bank has new vision to fulfill and a new goal to achieve. The bank has been manned with talented and experienced military force equipped with most modern technology so as to make it most efficient to discover the need of 21st century. The read/write head Office of the Bank situated at 61, Dilkusha commercial Area, Dhaka.The circuit board of Directors consists of eminent personalities from the realm of commerce and industries of the country. The Authorized metropolis of the Bank is Tk. 3000 million and the Paid -up Capital is Tk. 1798. 68 million. The Bank provides a broad range of financial services to its customers and corporate clients It has a large asset grade comprising of Tk. 55928. 72 million in December 2008. pic 2. 3. Vision, Mission and objectives of the bank Vision Would make finest corporate citizen Mission Will become most caring, focused for equitable produce based on diversified deployment of resources, and all the same would remain healthy and gainfully profitable Bank. Objectives of Mercantile BankThe objective of MBL is not only to earn profit but also to keep the social commitment and to ensure its co-operation to the persons of all level, to the businessman, industr ialist specially whom are engages in establishing large scale pains by consortium and the agro based export oriented speciality and small scale industries by self inspiration. Strategic Objective ? To achieve Economic Value Added (EVA) each year. ? To be market leader in product innovation. ? To be one of the top three financial institutions in Bangladesh in terms of cost efficiency. ? To be one of the top five financial institutions in Bangladesh in terms of market share in all significant market segments that the bank serve. Financial Objective To achieve a give up on share pallbearers equity of 20% or more, on average. 2. 4. Core values For the Customers providing with the caring services by being innovation in the development of new banking products and services. For the Shareholders maximizing wealth of the bank. For The Employees respecting worth dignity of individual employees devoting their energies for the progress of the bank. For the Community strengthening the corpor ate values and taking environment and social risks and reward into reputation. INVESTORS INFORMATION Investor can be informed about any information from Dhaka Stock Exchange Website and Banks website www. dsebd. org www. mblbd. com 2. 5.Management aspect of MBL The wag of Directors being at the highest level of organizational structure plays an important role on the policy formulation. The Board of Directors is not figurely concern with day-to-day operation of Bank. They had delegated their authority to the Managing Director and CEO to look after the day-to-day affairs of the Bank. The Bank is running by an excellent management team under the direct supervision of a competent Board of Directors. The Board of Directors comprises total thirteen members, which is within the maximum limit as imposed by BPRD circular-12, dated April 26,2003of Bangladesh Bank, headed by the Chairman.Md. Abdul Jalil, is the present Chairman of the Board. The Managing Director (MD) and CEO head managem ent team. Mr. Dewan Mujibur Rahman is the present Managing Director and CEO of MBL. The management hierarchy of Mercantile Bank Limited is given up below Board of Directors Managing Director Additional Managing Director Deputy Managing Director Senior Executive Vice President Executive Vice President Senior Vice President Vice President First Vice President Asst. Vice President First Asst. Vice President Senior Principal Officer Principal Officer Senior Officer Officer Junior Officer Assistant Officer conformation The management hierarchy of MBL 2. 6. Divisional aspect of MBL There are total fourteen divisions in the Head Office of MBL. List of various divisions of MBL is given below Audit and Inspection division Central Accounts Division Credit Division Marketing, organic evolution Banking Division General Services Division Human Resources Division International Division Information Technology Division Research Division Tr easury Market Division Board Secretariat& Share Dept. Cost Control Dept. Law & Recovery Dept. Card Cell Fig Divisions of MBL 2. 7. Branch Network MBL is one of the 3rd generation commercial Bank in private sector of Bangladesh. The Bank within stipulation lay down by the Bank Company Act 1991 and directives as authoritative from Bangladesh Bank from time to time provide all types of commercial Banking services. It has 42 branches all over the country and also enlisted the Dhaka and Chittagong stock exchange as publicly quoted company for its general class of share. Banks stimulate Name of Region/Zone No. f Branches Dhaka 19 MERCANTILE BANK LIMITED Gazipur 02 Chittagong 06 Sylhet 02 Moulvibazar 01 Comilla 01 Noakhali 01 Bogra 01 Rajshahi 01 Rangpur 01 Barisal 01 Khulna 01 Naogaon 02 Coxsbazar 01 Feni 01 Shariatpur 01 Total Branches 42 Table Branches of MBL pic 2. 8 Information about the Satmasjid Road Branch Address of Bran ch Satmasjid Road Branch House 735(old), 82/A (New) Road 8/A (New), Satmasjid Road Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205 e-mailemailprotected com Phone 9139183, PABX 8112463-4, 9141148 Fax +88029139183 SWIFT MBLB BD DH Opening Date 1st November, 2004 as twenty-second Branch of MBL. Number of Employees 22 Name of Manager Shamim Ahmed, Vice President & Head of Branch. Mercantile Bank has bargain ford the land and building of this Branch Last month where it operates. 2. 9 FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF MERCANTILE BANK LIMITED (BDT in million) MERCANTILE BANK LIMITED AT A GLANCE Particulars 2005 2006 2007 2008 Authorized Capital 1,200. 00 3,000. 00 3,000. 00 3,000. 00 Paid-up Capital 999. 27 1,199. 12 1,498. 90 1,798. 68 Total Assets 28,890. 48 37,159. 65 44,940. 54 55,928. 72 Deposits 25,087. 43 33,332. 65 39,348. 00 49,538. 36 Loan & Advances 21,857. 05 26,842. 14 31,877. 86 41,993. 5 Import 33,271. 90 42,442. 80 40,380. 10 56,528. 80 Export 24,108. 57 34,592. 10 32,670. 10 43,108. 50 Remittance 6 79. 10 2,989. 10 3,510. 40 4,722. 90 Profit after taxation 386. 83 494. 22 540. 50 615. 88 No. Of Branches 28 35 41 42 No.Of Employees 663 879 945 1115 No. Of Foreign Correspondents 266 306 584 586 2. 10. Nature of Business The Bank engaged in all types of commercial Banking services within the stipulations laid down by Bank Companies Act 1991 and directives as received from Bangladesh Bank from time to time. All types of Commercial Banking Services are provided by the Bank within the stipulations laid down by Bank Companies Act. 1991 and directives as received from Bangladesh Bank from time to time.Commercial Banking is the core activity of Mercantile Bank Limited. The bank serves all type customers ranging from individuals to corporate bodies, both private and public. Mainly MBL collects cohere from the people at lower rate and invests the same to the people again at higher rate. And difference between lower rate of define and higher rate of investment is the meshing of t he Bank. MBL mainly invests in industrial sector like short term, Middle term as well as long term for import of capital machineries, establish new industry and working capital assistances with this Bank plays a significant role in Bangladesh economy. The functions of commercial banks are now wide and varied. However the unctions of commercial banks may broadly be classified into the side by side(p) three categories 1. General Banking 2. Credit and investment 3. Foreign Trade (Import, Export & Remittance) 2. 11. Financial products and services of MBL The bank has launched a number of financial products and services since its inception. Among them the followings have attained wide acceptance among the people ? non-homogeneous Deposit dodgings ? Double Benefit Deposit intent (DBDS) ? Family Maintenance Deposit (FMD) ? Mashik Sanchaya Prokalpa (MSK) Or Monthly nest egg Scheme (MSS) ? Quarterly Benefit Deposit Scheme ? 1. 5 Times Benefit Deposit Scheme ? Advance Benefit Deposit Sc heme (ABDS) OrAgrim Munafa Amanat Prokolpo (AMAP). Deposit Schemes Monthly Saving Scheme The crest objective of this scheme is to encourage the people to develop their habit of saving. beneath this scheme, one can save a immovable tot up of return every month and get a lucrative tot up of return after five, eight or ten geezerhood. Family Maintenance Deposit Scheme Under this scheme, one can deposit a certain step of gold for five years and in return he/she go forth receive benefits on monthly basis. Benefit start right from the stolon month of opening an greenback under the scheme and continue up to five years. On adulthood the principal total will be nonrecreational back. Double Benefit Deposit SchemeUnder this scheme, one can deposit a certain total of specie for a six year period. After six years, the deposit amount will be doubled. Quarterly Benefit Deposit Scheme Under the Quarterly Benefit Deposit Scheme, one can deposit for a period of three years and in ret urn depositor will receive benefits on tooshiely basis. Benefit starts right from the first quarter of opening an composition under the scheme and continues up to three years. On maturity the principal amount will be paid back. 1. 5 Time Benefit Deposit Scheme Under the 1. 5 Times Benefit Deposit Scheme, one can deposit a certain amount of money for 42 months or three and half years. On maturity, the depositor will receive 1. 5 time of the deposited amount.Advance Benefit Deposit Scheme Under this Scheme, one can deposit a certain amount of money for two years. The depositor will receive the benefit on yearly basis. The benefit amount of first year will be received in advance at the time of deposit. On maturity, the depositor will get back the principal amount with the benefit amount of second year. ? Various Credit Schemes ? Consumers Credit Scheme (CCS) ? Car Loan Scheme ? Doctors Credit Scheme ? Rural Development Scheme ? accept Financing ? personalised Loan ? Small Loan Loa n Products Consumer Credit Scheme Consumers Credit Scheme is one of the popular areas of collateral-free finance of the Bank.People with limited income can avail of credit facility to purchase household goods including computer and other consumer durables. Small Loan Scheme This scheme has been designed especially for the business community who need credit facility for their business and cant provide tangible securities. Lease Finance This scheme has been designed to assist and encourage the genuine and capable entrepreneurs and professionals for acquiring capital machineries, medical equipments, computers, vehicle and other items. tractableness and easier terms and conditions of this scheme have attracted the potential entrepreneurs to acquire equipments of production and services and repay gradually from earnings on the basis of Pay as you earn.Doctors Credit Scheme Doctors Credit Scheme is designed to facilitate financing to fresh medical graduates and established physicians t o acquire medical equipments and set up clinics and hospitals. Rural Development Scheme Rural Development Scheme targeted for the rural people of the country to make them self-employed through financing various income-generating projects. This scheme is operated on group basis. Woman Entrepreneurs Development Scheme Women Entrepreneurs Development Scheme has been introduced to encourage women in doing business. Under this scheme, the Bank finances the small and cottage industry projects sponsored by women. SME Loan SchemeSmall and Medium Enterprise (SME) Loan Scheme has been introduced to provide financial assistance to new or experienced entrepreneurs to invest in small and intermediate scale industries with a comparatively low rate of interest as the same is assisted by the Bangladesh Bank with refinancing facilities. Personal Loan Scheme Personal Loan Scheme has been introduced to extend credit facilities to cater the needs of low and fondness-income group for any purpose. Gove rnment and semi-government officials, employees of autonomous bodies, banks and other financial organizations, multinational companies, reputed private organizations and teachers of recognized public and private schools, colleges and universities are eligible for this loan. Car Loan Scheme Car Loan Scheme has been introduced to enable middle-income people to purchase Cars/SUVs/Jeeps.Government and semi-government officials, employees of autonomous bodies, banks and other financial organizations, multinational companies, reputed private organizations, teachers of recognized public and private universities and businessmen are eligible for this loan. Home Loan Scheme To meet the growing need of housing for middle and lower-middle income people, MBL has introduced Home Loan Scheme. We also support the Bangladesh Banks Home Loan Refinance Scheme. The Scheme boosts up the growth of housing sector. Such loan shall be available for purchase or construction of new apartments for self-residin g purpose. foreign Employment Loan Scheme Overseas Employment Loan Scheme is designed to facilitate the East Pakistani youths seeking employment aboard but who are unable to meet the expenses to reach the workplace from their own sources.The ultimate objectives of the scheme is to promote skilled / semi-skilled manpower to different countries across the world as well as to provide support to Government Policy considering priority of this sector. By availing loan under this scheme, the fighting(a) youths of middle and lower middle class can get overseas employment by avoiding borrowing from the illustrious class or village mohajon at a very high cost or selling their paternal properties. The scheme helps fetching foreign currency for the country as well as fulfill the Banks commitment to encourage micro-lending for poverty alleviation, improve the quality of life and thereby contribute to socio-economic development of the country. ? Foreign Exchange Services ? Export Finance ? Imp ort Finance ? Inward Remittance ? disregard L/C ? Shipping Guarantee 2. 12. Credit Policy of MBLMBL credit policy contains the views of total macro-economic development of the county as a whole by way of providing financial support to the Trade, Commerce and Industry. Throughout its credit operation Mercantile Bank Limited goes to very possible corners of the society. They are financing large and medium scale business house and industry. At the same time they also takes care entrepreneurs through its operation of lease financing and some micro credit, Small Loan scheme etc. As a part of its Credit Policy MBL through its credit operation maintains commitment for social welfare. The bank is glide path up with a scheme where the under privileged children will be given financial support for education and self-employment.From operational aspects it is observed that as a matter of policy. i. Mercantile Bank Limited put emphasis on the customer i. e. the Man and the Business not on the S ecurity in selecting borrowers. ii. It takes of variation in credit portfolio. iii. It takes care maintaining proper Mix of short, medium and ling term finance in its credit portfolio usually they do not go for long term Finance for a period not exceeding 5 years. iv. Charging of interest is flexible depending on insisting of the proposal and the customer pic Chapter 03 General Banking Activities 3. 1 Introduction 3. 2 Account Opening 3. 3 Different Types of Scheme and Features 3. Cash Department 3. 5 Clearing House 3. 6 Issuing PO, DD, TT 3. 7 Dispatch 3. 8 Issuing cheque 3. 9 Closing of an Account 3. 1 Introduction All business concerns earn a profit through selling either a product or service. A bank does not produce any tangible product to sell but does offer a variety of financial services to customers. General banking is the starting point of all the banking operations. It is the department, which provides day-to- day services to the customers. Everyday it receives deposits from the customers and meets their demand for cash by honoring cheque. It opens new accounts, remit funds, issue bank draft and pay orders etc.Since bank is confined to provide the service everyday, general banking is also known as retail banking. This section provides the following services Primary Information Account Opening Cheque Issuing Pay order Issuing Issuing Telegraphic Transfer (TT) Issuing Demand Draft (DD) Dispatch patch Clearing Cash department PRIMARY INFORMATION Customer gets primary information about the banks services from this section. Then they are sent the other section under their demanding services. 3. 2 score OPENING There are different types of account as offered by MBL i. Savings Account ii. Current account iii. STD (Short term deposit) iv. FDR (Fixed deposit receipt) v. MSS (Monthly saving scheme) SAVINGS ACCOUNT This account is basically offered those customers who indirect request to save money at any time. Customer can save his/ her money tall y to his/ her firmness of purpose. The minimal amount of opening charge of savings account is TK. 1,000. But it should be point of referenceed that when customer want to close the tax is deducted from the interest and have to pay closing charge TK. 100. If want to transfer customer have to pay TK. 200 for transfer charge. Requirements Form must be properly filled up turn out a introducer who introduce the account holder Two copies of notch size of it picture of account holder One likeness of passport size photograph of nominee substantiate to fill up declaration form where must mention amount of each execution and annual turnover Have to fill KYC (Know Your Customer) form, Have to submit National ID Card ( for all customer) Have to submit student ID Card (for student) Have to submit trade clear (for business) Deed (for partnership) Have to submit TIN number Have to submit photocopy of passport. ? CURRENT ACCOUNT Current account mainly opened for the Companies and partnership firm. The amount of this accounts transaction would be big. The requirements of opening this account are given below. Requirements For Individual / Joint Account Two photographs of account holder. indistinguishability (copy of passport, National ID card, Commissioner Certificate). Joint Declaration Form (For joint a/c only). Employees Certificate (in part of service holder). One photographs of nominee. For Limited Company retroflex of valid trade license. retroflex of certificate of incorporation. certifiable Copy of Memorandum of Associations and Articles of Associations. Up to Date List of Directors. Board Resolution Regarding Opening and Operations of Bank Account With Mercantile Bank Limited Branch. (Resolution should be in accordance with the provision of Articles of Association of the Company. Copy of Certificate of Commencement of Business- for Public Limited Company Only. For Partnership Firms Copy of valid trade license. Copy of Partnershi p Deed. Letter of Account Agreement (Partnership) Duly Signed by all The Partners in Their Personal Capacity. Letter of Partnership Duly Signed by All the Partners in Their Personal Capacity. Club / societies account Two photographs of each account holder. Board Resolution for Opening A/C duly assured by President/ Secretary. List of Existing Managing Committee. Registration (if any). Rubber Stamp. Permission letter from Bureau of N. G. O. (In drive of N. G. O. A/C). ? SHORT TERM DEPOSIT(STD) This account is basically offered those customers who want to save money/ make transaction of a big amount at any time. The businessmen are mainly the customer of this account who makes huge amount transaction in a month.Customer can save his/ her money according to his/ her declaration. The minimum amount of opening charge of savings account is TK. 100,000. But it should be mentioned that when customer want to close, the tax is deducted from the interest and have to pay closing charge TK. 100. If want to transfer customer have to pay TK. 200 for transfer charge. Requirements Form must be properly filled up Have a introducer who introduce the account holder Two copies of passport size photograph of account holder One copy of passport size photograph of nominee Have to fill up declaration form where must mention amount of each transaction and annual turnover Have to fill KYC (Know Your Customer) form, Have to submit National ID Card ( for all customer) Have to submit student ID Card (for student) Have to submit trade license (for business) Deed (for partnership) Have to submit TIN number Have to submit photocopy of passport 3. 3Different Types of Scheme and Features ? MASHIK SHANCHOY SCHEME The money is fixed up to a certain months or year. Bank gives them interest against this money. If customer doesnt encashment his/ her fixed deposit at a time the amount is auto renewed and the interest is applied automatically at the account. substance TK. d TK. 1000 TK. 1500 TK. 2500 TK. 000 historic period 5 years 38250 76500 114750 191250 382500 8 years 71500 143000 214500 357500 715000 10 years 100000 200000 300000 500000 one thousand thousand ? DOUBLE advantage SCHEME Objectives ? ordain maximum benefit. ? Help in meeting specific needs like education, marriage etc. Deposit becomes double in seven and half years. Mode kick upstairs of the deposit is 7. 5 years. Amount of DepositPeriod Amount Payable 1, 00,000 7. 5 Years 2, 00,000 Other Features ? The Minimum amount of deposit is BDT 50,000. 00(Fifty thousand) or its doubles. ? All taxes/ trade/levy and /or any other surcharges concisely in force or that may be imposed by the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) from time to time will be deducted/ recovered from the deposit account under this scheme. ? In case of premature encashment interest will be paid on Saving A/C Rate. ? Loan may be grant up to maximum 80% of the deposited amount but minimum principle amount must be BDT 20,000. 00. Loan treat fee be realized BDT 50. 00 only and usual stamp costs also be realized. For example Initial amount is TK. 1000,000 The bank give interest TK. 100,000 against TK. 100,000 deposit Customer gets TK. 190,000 (200,000-100,emailprotected% tax = TK. 190,000) Requirements Form must be properly filled up, One copy of passport size photograph of account holder, One copy of passport size photograph of nominee, ? ADVANCED DEPOSIT SCHEME Objectives ? chafe Extra benefit from Minimum Deposit. Mode Maintained for a period of 2 (Two) years. Minimum deposit amount 1,00,000(One Lac) only. Interest Rate Per BDT One Lac BDT 1 Lac (One Lac) , Tk. 9,500. 00 for first year Tk. ,09,250. 00 for second year. Other Features o All taxes/duty/levy and/or any other surcharges presently in force or that may be imposed by the government of Bangladesh from time to time in Deposit Accounts will also be applicable for the account for the account opened under this scheme and such taxes/duty/ levy and/or any other surcharges shall be deducted/ recovered from the deposit account under this schemes. o Loan may be minded(p) up to maximum 70% of deposit. ? Times Benefit Deposit Scheme Under the 1. 5 Times Benefit Deposit Scheme a deposit of minimum BDT 50,000. 00 (fifty thousand) or its multiples will be received for a period of 4. 2 years.On maturity, 1. 5 times of the deposited amount will be paid back to the account holder as per example given below Example Initial Deposit (BDT)50,000. 001, 00,000. 005, 00,000. 00 Return after 4. 2 years (BDT) 75,000. 00150000. 00 750000. 00 Other Features ? All taxes/duty/levy and /or any other surcharges presently in force or that may be imposed by the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) from time to time will be deducted/ recovered from the deposit account under this scheme. ? In case of premature encashment interest will be paid on Saving A/C Rate. However, no interest shall be paid if premature encashment take place before expiry of 1 ( one) year. In the event of death of the depositor before the maturity, the deposit account may be encased (premature) as per rule or may be continued up to maturity on written approach by the nominee(s). ? Loan may be give up to maximum 80% of the deposited amount but minimum principle amount must be BDT 20,000. 00. ? Loan touch on fee be realized BDT 50. 00 only and usual stamp costs also be realized. ? FAMILY precaution SCHEME Objectives ? Help the retired persons for investing their retirement benefits. ? Create investment opportunities for Non-Resident Bangladeshi. ? Explore investment opportunities for school, college, university etc. ? Give investment opportunities for Trust Foundation etc. Mode Deposit a fixed amount of money for 05 (Five) years.Depositor will get a certain sum of money in each month equaliser to his/her deposit during the entire tenure. Benefits Tenure of deposit is 05 (Five) years. Minimum amount of required deposit is TK. 50,000. 00 or its multiple Dep ositMonthly Benefit (Amount in TK. ) 1, 00,000800 2, 00,0001, 600 3, 00,0002, 400 Other Features o The Minimum amount of deposit is BDT 50,000. 00 (Fifty thousand) or its multiples. o All taxes/duty/levy and /or any other surcharges persently in force or that may be imposed by the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) from time to time will be deducted/ recovered from the deposit account under this scheme. o In case of premature encashment interest will be paid on Saving A/C Rate. A saving account will be needed to be maintained to receive quarterly benefit recompense. o Loan may be granted up to maximum 80% of the forced encashment value on the date of loan processing. During the period of continuance of loan, monthly benefits of FMD account will be credited only to loan account. o Loan processing fee be realized BDT 50. 00 only and stamp costs also be realized. ? QUARTERLY BENEFIT SCHEME The Quarterly Benefit Deposit Scheme will be maintained for a period of 3 (three) years and the mi nimum amount of deposit is BDT 50,000. 00 (fifty thousand) or its multiples. Interest will be paid on quarterly basis as per example given below. On maturity the principal amount will be paid back.Initial Deposit (BDT)TermQuarterly Benefit Payable (BDT) 50,000 3 Years 1,200 100,000 3 Years 2,400 200,000 3 Years 3,600 Other Features ? All taxes/duty/levy and /or any other surcharges presently in force or that may be imposed by the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) from time to time will be deducted/ recovered from the deposit account under this scheme. ? Loan may be granted up to maximum 80% of the forced encashment value on the date of loan processing. During the period of continuation of loan, quarterly benefits will be credited only to loan account. ? Loan processing fee be realized BDT 50. 00 only and usual stamp costs also be realized. FIXED DEPOSITThe money is fixed up to a certain months or year. Bank gives them interest against this money. If customer doesnt encashment his/ her fixed deposit at a time the amount is auto renewed and the interest is applied automatically at the account. Amount Months/ Year Interest TK. 10,000 1 month/ 2 months/ 3 months 8. 5% TK. 10,000 3 months 11. 50% o Form must be properly filled up One copy of passport size photograph of account holder o One copy of passport size photograph of nominee 3. 4 Cash Department Opening of Cash Beginning balance is used to start daily transaction & maintenance of Receipt and Payment Registers while receiving & paying different amount of cash. Previously issued cheque will be paid if issued 6 months before. Advance issued cheque cannot be made payment even one day before. Evening Banking Can only receive cash. No payment can be made except some special cases. Issue Note Notes issued by the bank & accepted by the people, fresh notes. Non-issue Note Notes cannot be issued for public like torn, mutilated notes impure Notes etc. 3. 5 Clearing House Functions of Clearing Clearing stands for mut ual settlement of claims made in among member banks at an agreed time and place in respect of instruments drawn on each other. Clearing house is an arrangement under which member banks agree to meet, through their representative, at the appointed time and place to deliver instruments drawn on them. The net amount payable or receivable as the case may be, is settled through an account kept with the controlling bank (Bangladesh Bank). pic Types of clearing Outward clearing Inward clearing Types of returns Outward return Inward return Clearing (Outward) process grade First tier Collection Branch Second tier Principal Branch/local office Third tier Clearing house (Bangladesh Bank) Clearing (Inward) process tierFirst tier Clearing house (Bangladesh Bank) Second tier Principal Branch/ Main Branch Third tier give Branch 3. 6 ISSUEING PO, DD, TT ? Pay Order This is one type of security. This can not be transferred. Anyone can draw a pay order. The pay order can be encashment from an y bank. Amount Commission Vat 110,000 25 4 10,000 1,000,000 50 8 100,000