Free Video Editing Programs for Journalists

Free Video Editing Programs for Journalists With increasingly more media sources joining video onto their sites, figuring out how to shoot and alter advanced video news reports is an unquestionable requirement. Be that as it may, while an advanced video would now be able to be shot with something as basic and modest as a cellphone, proficient video editings programming programs like Adobe Premiere Pro or Apples Final Cut can even now be overwhelming for apprentices, both in cost and multifaceted nature. Fortunately there are a lot of free other options. A few, similar to Windows Movie Maker, are most likely as of now on your PC. Others can be downloaded from the web. Also, a significant number of these free video altering programs are entirely simple to utilize. So on the off chance that you need to add advanced video news reports to your blog or site, here are a few choices that will permit you to do fundamental video altering rapidly and efficiently. (The proviso here is that on the off chance that you inevitably need to deliver proficient looking news recordings, youre most likely going to need to ace Premiere Pro or Final Cut sooner or later. Those are the projects utilized by proficient videographers at news sites, and are well worth learning.) Windows Movie Maker Windows Movie Maker is free, simple to-utilize programming that will let you do fundamental video altering, including the capacity to include titles, music, and advances. Yet, be careful: Many clients state the program crashes much of the time, so when youre altering a video spare your work oftentimes. Else, you may lose everything youve done and need to begin once more. YouTube Video Editor YouTube is the universes most mainstream video transfer site, so it bodes well that it offers a fundamental video altering program. Be that as it may, the accentuation here is on BASIC. You can trim your clasps and include basic advances and music, yet that is about it. Also, you can just alter recordings that youve as of now transferred to YouTube. IMovie iMovie is Apples likeness Windows Movie Maker. It comes introduced free on Macs. Clients state its a decent fundamental altering program, yet on the off chance that you dont have a Mac, youre up the creek without a paddle. Wax Wax is free video altering programming that is more modern than different projects referenced here. Its quality is in the variety of embellishments alternatives advertised. Be that as it may, its more noteworthy advancement implies a more extreme expectation to absorb information. A few clients state it tends to be precarious to learn. Lightworks This is an element rich altering program that comes in both free and paid variants, however individuals who have utilized it state even the free form offers heaps of complex highlights. Obviously, similarly as with any of the more adaptable altering programs, Lightworks sets aside some effort to learn and might be scary for beginners. WeVideo WeVideo is a cloud-based altering program that comes in both free and paid adaptations. Its both PC and Mac-perfect and offers clients the capacity to chip away at their recordings anyplace or to share and team up on video altering ventures.

Axe Body Spray Essay Example

Hatchet Body Spray Paper To effectively sell any item, sponsors must have the option to catch the eye of the crowd in a way that merits in excess of a basic look. With the various items accessible available today, unique commercial methods are required so as to interest buyers. However, commercials keep on broadly underwrite items using sex. Sex offer is an extremely regular procedure that is generally utilized by publicists. Truth be told, it has been concentrated by the American Scientific Research Society that approximately one-fifth of all promoting utilizes clear sexual substance to sell an item (Schnieder). This announcement appears to be profoundly precise; it is almost difficult to experience a day without being presented to a type of explicitly engaging advertisements. As we are passing through the expressways, we pass by bulletins that can have explicitly engaging pictures. As we are going towards the checkout paths in a store, we can discover magazines with attractive models on the spreads directly close to the register. As we are walking around the restorative branches of a famous shopping center, we open ourselves to aroma or cologne promotions that engage in sexual relations as their main thrusts in supporting the items. It has been discovered that Sex is the second most grounded of the mental interests (Taflinger). As per Richard F. Taflinger, PhD, sex in publicizing seizes an a keeps an eye on consideration by playing on his intuitive as opposed to scholarly perspective on the world. Taflinger likewise takes note of this is done as such by utilizing womens bodies and partner getting the lady in the event that he purchases the item. Hatchet is a brand of male preparing items and is claimed by the British organization Unilever. Hatchet was first presented in the United States in 2002, and is currently the pioneer of mens preparing markets. We will compose a custom paper test on Ax Body Spray explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Ax Body Spray explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Ax Body Spray explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Tomahawks dynamic, synergistic, customary/non convention showcasing effort is liable for AXEs wide arriving at impact and achievement. Using sexual pictures, language and insinuations, Ax claims to youthful guys focusing on the 16-30 age gatherings. Youthful guys from this age bunch are typically increasingly keen on the other gender, and this is the thing that the vast majority of the battle centers around. At the point when you see the brand name, Ax you cannot help yet picture a fantasy like dreamland in which appealing ladies, wearing tight pants or flaunting a great deal of skin, is taking on sexual practices, going about just as she has a wild sexual drive. The ladies in these promotions are activated by the Ax aroma and really want to seek after their sexual want. The absence of discourse, the particular camera edges, the lighting and the encompassing provocative music all assistance make an excessively sexual condition in these ads. The brand turns the table on societys impression of the person pursuing the young lady as in the ladies in the advertisements can grasp their wild, sexual, insubordinate side. The message behind the Ax ads is very basic, Use Ax body splashes and ladies will seek after you. Despite the fact that numerous promotions online may profess to sell enchantment pheromones that are 100% Guaranteed to Attract Sex Now, its quite protected to state that there is nothing of the sort. On the off chance that it were genuine eHarmony and Match. com would petition for Chapter 11 right about at this point. By the by, plugs focusing on youthful grown-ups, for example, Ax, stubbornly misrepresent these ridiculous dreams. In 2008 Ax discharged a body splash marked Dark Temptation, its trademark suggesting that it is as overwhelming as chocolate. Encased in a fairly bold holder, the prints on it are somewhat desolate and suggestive of the retro period. The business for it be that as it may, is very energetic and cheery, which makes it exceptional from prior advertisements theyve made. Rather than the standard grown-up film reference, the Dark Temptation business was very dream like. It helped me to remember the Tin Man strolling along the yellow block street wanting to get what he urgently required. The business starts in a distinct white restroom. Before a mirror is a youthful male in his late youngsters or mid twenties holding a can in his correct hand. The main sounds heard are showers exuding from this can. After a couple of brisk sprays the screen becomes dull to the male setting the can onto a can top. As his hand moves away, all that is seen is this dull earthy colored can which appears to stand apart among all the hopeless things encompassing it. The complexity of hues makes it sort of hard to not see the word Ax. After a speedy quietness a melodic beat begins to blur in and the view is come back to the mirror. In any case, rather than the dull thin adolescent we initially began with, we see a dapper energetic man made of chocolate. Appearing to be like a Mr. Great time Easter Bunny chocolate, just at an a lot more fabulous scale, and with an overwhelming grin that appears to be impervious to development regardless of how enthusiastically he attempted. After a last look in the washroom reflect, the scene is transforms into the new chocolate fellow strolling down the road getting licked, kissed, eaten and pursued by ladies. Promotions for Ax body shower are exceptionally infectious in that they advance to a keeps an eye on certainty level. Hatchet advertisements are indicated where a run of the mill fellow gets prompt consideration from the other gender once he has utilized Ax body shower. The utilization of this item goes about as a momentary female reaction instrument, or if nothing else it appears to be so. The criticism that a male gets with the utilization of Ax is alluded to as the Ax Effect. As per its makers, the Ax Effect is a globally perceived name for the expanded consideration hatchet wearing guys get from excited, and alluring female followers. Notwithstanding where you can get some hatchet impact by heading off to a store close to you and buying one of the fine items (Ax Effect). The sexual allusion found on the items website page relates itself back to one of the items ongoing mottos, It can happen anyplace. This one specific business depicts precisely that. A charming youngster who hasnt got done with tying down his shirt strolls into a lift. He showers on some Ax, exits, and another person, to a greater degree a geek jumps on. Clearly the smell of Ax waits noticeable all around, in light of the fact that the appealing lady who steps in next ends up attracted to the geek. Its the Ax Effect! She presses the crisis stop button. In the following shot, the entryways open and evidently shes assaulted him in a brisk exceptional make out meeting. Shes fixing her dress, his hair is untidy and he looks shocked, and so on. As the entryway begins to close, another lady approaches, and you recognize easily that Ax is chipping away at her, as well. In a magazine I went over two promotions for Ax. The first shows a lady in a changing area who has recently occupied with sexual exercises or possibly in advanced terms alluded to as messing around. The center point found in this picture is situated on the models back of what is viewed as the engraving of a holder. Despite the fact that the subtleties may not appear glaringly evident, the sticker price despite everything connected to the dress alongside mirror and its brilliant lights out of sight recommend a fitting room. The light foundation mellow the picture of the advertisement and gives a shine to the females sans protection. The hues present are not overwhelming and in this manner go very well with one another. Consideration is given to a part of the maroon shaded dress and the aluminous skin tone of the model. The substance of the female isn't obvious, however when viewed near the subtleties of her hair structure, it is a reasonable suspicion to state that she is of Asian drop. In spite of the fact that this may appear as though it were a minor detail, it is conceivable that it was the makers vision to utilize this unobtrusive hallucination as a strategy of engaging guys of different races just as different inclinations of various attributes as skin tone and hair shading. The subsequent Ax advertisement portrays a similar circumstance yet rather than a changing area, the female is seen as outside, close to the water, with an engraving of a pontoon controlling wheel on her back. The wellspring of the engraving is envisioned to be given the encompassing subtleties, for example, her clothing, the unmistakable sky, and as referenced previously, the blue water. In a similar way as the past picture, the foundation isn't excessively uncovered and doesn't remove consideration from the model that for this situation is Caucasian with light hair. Not just has the ethnicity of the model have been changed, the shading plan of every advertisement has contrasted so as to more readily delineate the situation. Since this is an open air scene, the decision of blue-green for the two-piece goes inseparably with the blue tone of the setting. The concentrating on the two pictures is pleasant. The foundation is obscured so it doesn't fill in as an interruption; rather, it goes about as one of the components that guides in decoding the substance. An intriguing note of the companys technique for commercial is that it isn't straightforwardly crusading the item; the item doesn't show up inside the advertisement itself. This is done cautiously in that it shows the inventiveness of the items producer. Any organization can locate the most attractive models and have them grasp the item however rather, Ax goes an alternate course and arefully controls the method for conveying the message across to the crowd. They are surrendering the understanding over to the crowd of what Ax items can effectively do. The creative mind of the Ax Effect stays with the watcher. No place inside the promotion does it say that these young ladies have occupied with sexual exercises, in spite of the fact that the hints are available. These crusades basica lly show the conceivable outcomes of Ax, much the same as how it very well may be feasible for a run of the mill male to observe such unbridled experiencing. By utilizing various components from promotion to advertisement, the organization can more readily connect t

Blog Archive University of Pennsylvania Wharton School Essay Analysis, 20172018

Blog Archive University of Pennsylvania Wharton School Essay Analysis, 2017â€"2018 *Please note: You are viewing an essay analysis from the 2017-2018 admissions cycle.  Click here to view our collection of essay analyses for the current admissions season.   The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania has opted to maintain its two broad mandatory essay questionsâ€"one focusing on “why Wharton?” and the other on applicants’ expected contributions to the school’s communityâ€"this year, with no changes whatsoever. Wharton obviously wants to know that candidates have taken the time to get to know the school’s program and character in depth and can clearly visualize themselves as part of it. Applicants also have the opportunity to submit an optional essay, if they feel a need to do so, to address any problematic or potentially confusing elements of their profile. Altogether, the school’s prompts allow you to craft a rather personal impression of yourself for the admissions committee, one that should complement the more quantitative parts of your application. In our analysis, we proffer our advice on how you might accomplish this. Required Essay 1: What do you hope to gain professionally from the Wharton MBA? (500 words) In a mere 500 words, you must discuss your career goalsâ€"giving very brief context for why they are realistic for youâ€"and then reveal how Wharton will help you pursue these goals by demonstrating a thorough understanding of what the school offers and a well-thought-out game plan for availing yourself of these offerings. To effectively do this, you must first familiarize yourself with Wharton’s various resources and pinpoint those that truly pertain to you and the direction in which you hope to go. Simply presenting a list of classes that you think sound interesting will not suffice here, and avoid vague statements about how great the school is. You must clearly demonstrate a connection between your aspirations, what you need to achieve them (e.g., skills, experience[s], connections, exposure), and what Wharton in particular can provide that will enable you to fill those gaps. Note that Wharton asks applicants to address only the professional aspectâ€"not the professional and personal aspect (as it has in past years)â€"of their business school goals. This allows you to share your career-related stories and ambitions more fully, which in turn means you can and should use the other essay(s) to discuss non-work aspects of your life and thereby provide a more complete and well-rounded picture of yourself for the admissions committee. In many ways, this prompt is asking for a typical MBA personal statement. We therefore encourage you to download your free copy of the mbaMission Personal Statement Guide. This complimentary guide offers detailed advice on approaching and framing these subjects, along with multiple illustrative examples. Be sure to  claim your copy today. Required Essay 2: Teamwork is at the core of the Wharton MBA experience with each student contributing unique elements to our collaborative culture. How will you contribute to the Wharton community? (400 words)   Whether this question is meant to be about teamwork or about contribution is not immediately clear. We see nothing wrong with relating some of your team-related experiences in this essay, but what the admissions committee is really interested in learning is what you can contribute to a teamâ€"and these are not necessarily the same thing. You can be an additive member of the Wharton community and culture in numerous ways. For example, perhaps you have specialized knowledge you could bring to your Wharton Learning Team that would provide context in analyzing certain business problems and cases. Maybe you have a character trait that has enabled you to bring people together in past communities, such as a good sense of humor or even strong listening skills. You might even have specific experience that pertains directly to a club you would like to lead or join. We can think of almost limitless examples, and the ones we have presented here are possibly even a bit banal, because the key to being effective with this essay is to really own your proffered contribution. This you accomplish by sharing your unique personal stories and then relating them to specific resources at Wharton. We suspect that many applicants will discuss a certain trait or skill and then end their essay with a platitude like “And I will bring this skill to Wharton for the betterment of all.” To create a truly strong and compelling essay, you must convincingly show that you fully understand the Wharton experience and are prepared to make a distinct and individualized contribution. To better familiarize yourself with the Wharton program and get an insider’s perspective on its academic program, unique offerings, social life, and other key characteristics, be sure to download a complimentary copy of the mbaMission Insider’s Guide to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Additional Essay:  Required for all reapplicants. Explain how you have reflected on the previous decision about your application, and discuss any updates to your candidacy (e.g., changes in your professional life, additional coursework, extracurricular/volunteer engagements). (250 words) First-time applicants may also use this section to address any extenuating circumstances. (250 words) If you are a Wharton reapplicant, this essay is pretty straightforward. Whether you have improved your academic record, received a promotion, begun a new and exciting project, increased your community involvement, or taken on some sort of personal challenge, the key to success with this essay is conveying a very deliberate path of achievement. Wharton wants to know that you have been actively striving to improve yourself and your profile, and that you have seized opportunities during the previous year to do so, because a Wharton MBA is vital to you. The responses to this essay question will vary greatly from one candidate to the next, because each person’s needs and experiences differ. We are more than happy to provide one-on-one assistance with this highly personal essay to ensure that your efforts over the past year are presented in the best light possible. However, if you are not a Wharton reapplicant, pay special attention to the last line of this prompt: First-time applicants may also use this section to address any extenuating circumstances.  Here is your opportunityâ€"if neededâ€"to address any lingering questions that an admissions officer might have about your candidacy, such as a poor grade or overall GPA, a low GRE or GMAT score, or a gap in your work experience. If you feel you may need to submit an additional essay for such a reason, consider downloading your free copy of our mbaMission Optional Essays Guide, in which we offer detailed advice on when and how to take advantage of the optional essay (along with multiple sample essays) to help you mitigate any problem areas in your profile. The Next Stepâ€"Mastering Your Wharton Interview:  Many MBA candidates find admissions interviews stressful and intimidating, but mastering this important element of the application process is definitely possibleâ€"the key is informed preparation. And, on your way to this high level of preparation, we offer our  free Interview Primers  to spur you along! Download your free copy of The  Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania Interview Primer  today. Share ThisTweet 2017-2018 Business School MBA Essay Analysis University of Pennsylvania (Wharton)

Race, Urban Poverty, and Public Policy - 2419 Words

The problems of race and urban poverty remain pressing challenges which the United States has yet to address. Changes in the global economy, technology, and race relations during the last 30 years have necessitated new and innovative analyses and policy responses. A common thread which weaves throughout many of the studies reviewed here is the dynamics of migration. In When Work Disappears, immigrants provide comparative data with which to highlight the problems of ghetto poverty affecting blacks. In No Shame in My Game, Puerto Rican and Dominican immigrants are part of the changing demographics in Harlem. In Canarsie, the possible migration of blacks into a working/middle-class neighborhood prompts conservative backlash from a†¦show more content†¦educational system would be further buttressed by quality child-care provisions which would also included pre-first grade/kindergarten nursery schools modeled after the French à ©cole maternelle. Wilsons other policy recomm endations include suburb-city economic partnerships, many of which coincide with Jargowskys recommendations in Poverty and Place, as well as policies revolving around the earned income tax credit (EITC) and public jobs of last resort, which are part of policy recommendations shared by David Ellwood and Herbert Gans (see below). In No Shame in My Game, anthropologist Katherine Newman attempts to draw greater attention to the plight of the working poor rather than the jobless poor. She and her research team explore the lives of Harlems working poor, primarily focusing on the fast food industry or burger flippers as the subject for her largely ethnographic study. One of the important insights articulated in her study is the extended familial structures/networks that rely on wage and welfare income as a means of survival, in addition to providing resources such as child care: networks she identifies in African-American, Dominican, and Puerto Rican working poor families in Harlem. Thus, welfare reform restructuring will not only impact those families who rely solely on welfare for survival, but also on those working poor familiesShow MoreRelatedInsular Poverty Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 102 Insular Poverty 11/3/2012 Nobody wants to be considered to be below the poverty line. Unfortunately, for fourteen percent of the people in this country, that is their reality. Fourteen percent of the people currently living in the United States’ basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met. Poverty is experienced at different levels in different parts of the country. The causes and effects of insular poverty are experienced differently in rural and urban areas in the UnitedRead MoreLiberal Individualism And The American Welfare System1324 Words   |  6 Pagesliberalism during President Johnson’s war on poverty. Davies gives careful consideration to the political and authoritative battles of the 1960’s, particularly in the course of seeing the American welfare system differently. There were several important historical events and circumstances that contributed to the transition from opportunity liberalism to entitlement liberalism. These included the White House Planning Conference, Civil Rights Movement, Race and Poverty, National Welfare Movement, and the VietnamRead MoreCommunity School Model And Community Development Essay1404 Words   |  6 Pagesvary. Educational policies have not necessarily been effective in addressing the complex issues which impact students. Anderson-Butcher, Stetler, and Midle, (2006) characterize â€Å"risk factors†, as behaviors such as aggression, antisocial attitudes, poor peer relations, family conflict and instability, and negative community norms and disorganization. According to the author, these factors have been historically attributed to students residing in economically challenged urban communities (Anderson-ButcherRead MoreHabitat for Humanity1727 Words   |  7 PagesHabitat for Humanity Habitat for Humanity International is a nonprofit, world-wide Christian housing ministry. Habitat for Humanity International seeks to eliminate poverty housing and homelessness from the world, and to make decent shelter a matter of conscience and action. â€Å"Habitat for Humanity works in partnership with God and people everywhere, from all walks of life, to develop communities with people in need by building and renovating houses so that there are decent houses in decent communitiesRead MoreCity Schools And The American Dream : Reclaiming The Promise Of Public Education898 Words   |  4 PagesPedro Noguera, a phenomenal urban sociologist and a professor at New York University confronts the problems which exist in our nation’s education system in his book, City Schools and the American Dream: Reclaiming the Promise of Public Education. Noguera describes what he views to be the main problems facing urban education and suggests strategies for improvement. From years of exper ience as a teacher and school board member, he reflects on what he believes to be the real problems. Noguera blamesRead MoreThe American Education System1303 Words   |  6 Pagesdepends on whether they attend an elite school or urban schools. Elite schools are located in upper class neighborhoods. Students who attend elite schools receive high quality education. Demographically, the majority of students who attend elite schools are Caucasian. This does not necessarily have much to do with the skill level of the students who apply to the school. More often than not, the application process for these schools is discriminatory. Urban schools on the other hand, are inner city schoolsRead MoreA Ethnographic Work By Jonathan Rieder1223 Words   |  5 Pagesanother which transformed into urban ghettoes with the vast majority of blacks. However, Rieder provides a powerful look at historical Democratic constituency could break from the political party affiliation and support the Republic an candidates as a social rebel to liberal policies geared towards racial integration which invokes perceived threats to their middle-class lifestyle. Elijah Anderson in â€Å"Streetwise† depicts an interesting portrait of the politics of urban change, documenting the lifeRead More21st Century Segregation: Are We Still Divided by Race?1642 Words   |  7 Pages21st Century Segregation: Are We Still Divided by Race? Racial segregation was a concept that began in early history and is still prevalent in some societies today. It is often seen as a destructive forceful tactic of separating individuals based on their racial background. However, many new immigrants voluntarily choose to live in a segregated society. Segregation can be easily seen in certain communities where there is a concentration containing a particular racial group. The area where oneRead MoreThe City / Suburban Divide1405 Words   |  6 Pageschallenging issue. In our text Chapter 6 titled â€Å"The City/Suburban Divide† (Judd Swanstrom, 2015, p. 136) identifies a subject that very well may contribute to the tension. A reference to the â€Å"urban crisis† describes a landscape that is littered with â€Å"high levels of segregation, inequality and poverty, along with racial and ethnic tensions.† (Judd, et al., p. 165) Many scholars argue that the crisis was a result of the demographic changes the nation experienced following World War II as advancementsRead MorePoverty Of The United States1529 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty is an important issue in the United States. In fact, child poverty in the US is at its highest point in 20 years. [Flores Lesley, 2014] The poor are at a disadvantage, because they have an unfulfilled right to a good education. A majority of children attending public schools come from low-income famil ies. It is hypothesized that a low household income correlates with poor achievement in school. A solution to poverty is for everyone to have a good education so everyone can be equally

The Worldwide Influence of St. Thomas Aquinas Essay

The Worldwide Influence of St. Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas was born in the year 1225 into an incredibly Catholic family in a small town in Italy. As Thomas Aquinas grew up, he was very smart and was very interested in the catholic faith and philosophy and ultimately became a teacher of all these things. Thomas Aquinas proved that he was an important historical figure over his life time by being a leader in the Catholic Church , writing The Summa and spreading his beliefs. Thomas Aquinas proved himself as the important historical figure we know him as today with his leadership in the Catholic Church and by helping people understand the religion. Thomas Aquinas was heavily involved in the church and took on smaller behind the scenes†¦show more content†¦One of Thomas Aquinass greatest accomplishments was his book called The Summa, this helped create his place in history because it was one of the first books by a philosopher proving Gods existence. Summa was written for the common people by Thomas Aquinas to help the readers understand that the religion is reasonable. The book also takes Thomas Aquinas researches of philosophy and bring them into his religious beliefs. The book was written sometime around 1265-1272. In The Summa, Thomas Aquinas basically talked about how there is no reason why not to believe in god. He made statements that showed there IS evidence into believing in god but no evidence not to believe in god. The summa is divided into 3 chapters in which Thomas Aquinas gave different sets of evidence. The first summa is the fact that Thomas Aquinas believed in Gods existence. In the Summa, Thomas Aquinas says, God wills good to every being which exists and loves them. Together making love the common denominator of God to the world. Statements like this in the first summa were referring to the fact that god helps everyone and it brings out the best love in them. The second summa was all about ethics and how people should act. Aquinas based a lot of his information of of the information of a man he studied for years, Aristotle. Aristotle was just before Thomas Aquinas time and Thomas Aquinas didnt only learn information from him, he learned how toShow MoreRelatedThe Strengths and Weaknesses of Dualism4580 Words   |  19 Pagesin more recent times. Continuing from Plato, St Thomas Aquinas extended earlier works on dualism in his endeavour to unite philosophy with proof of God. Aquinas agreed with the Artistotlean notion that when the soul entered the body it animated it and gave it life; calling it anima. Moreover according to Aquinas, the soul operates independently of the body and it cannot decay; for only things that can break into parts can decay, Thus, following Aquinas argument, the soul is able to survive deathRead MoreThe Vampire Lestat and the Problem of Eternal Damnation Essay3601 Words   |  15 Pagesfrom his creator. (Saintaquinas.com: 1) If mortal sin is a grave matter, what does the bible constitute as being a grave matter? One idea to look upon is breaking any one of the Ten Commandments, although some are not considered as grave as others. St. Paul offers us a list of such offences, which if committed will not allow the sinner to enter the Kingdom of God: The acts of the sinful nature are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity and debauchery; idolatry and witchcraft; hatred, discord, jealousyRead MoreRelationship Between Religion and Art in Medieval, Renaissance and Contemporary Times2657 Words   |  11 PagesIn a brightly-lit corner of St Peter’s Basilica, sitting behind a clear panel of glass, is Michelangelo’s Pietà  . A marble-white sculpture of the Mother Mary, her eyes downcast, gazes at her Son who lies dead across her lap. She seems both devastated and deep in thought. She is young and beautiful, in line with the old belief that a perfect soul meant a perfect outward appearance (Smart 122). She is famous and celebrated, and is visited by Christians from every nation. In another part of the worldRead MoreThe Vocation of the Business Leader: A Reflection15551 Words   |  63 PagesVeritate: The Logic of Gift and the Meaning of Business† was held at the Pontiï ¬ cal Council for Justice and Peace (PCJP), in collaboration with the John A. Ryan Institute for Catholic Social Thought of the Center for Catholic Studies at the University of St. Thomas and the Ecophilos Foundation. The meeting followed the October 2010 conference â€Å"Caritas in Veritate and the USA†, which the PCJP held in partnership with the Institute for Advanced Catholic Studies of Los Angeles, and continued its study of businessRead MoreThe Origin, Development and Significance of Human Rights10255 Words   |  42 Pageshowever, that natural law became associated with natural rights. In Greco-Roman and medieval times, doctrines of natural law concerned mainly the duties, rather than the rights, of Man. Moreover, as evidenced in the writings of Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, these doctrines recognized the legitimacy of slavery and serfdom and, in so doing, excluded perhaps the most important ideas of human rights as they are understood today--freedom (or liberty) and equality. For the idea of human rights quaRead MoreOrigin of International Law5357 Words   |  22 Pagesphilosophers of third century BC. Rules of Natural Law were rational and logical, and because the ideas and precepts of the ‘Law of Nature’ were rooted in the human intelligence, so such rules can’t be restricted to any group or any nation but of worldwide relevance. Certain Roman philosophers incorporated these Greek ideas of Natural Law into their own legal theories, often as a kind of ultimate justification of Jus Gentium. However the law of nature was held to have an existence over and aboveRead MoreThe Ethical Debate Concerning Cloning Essay6336 Words   |  26 PagesTypically Roman Catholic view of reproductive technologies is negative. In condemning cloning, the Roman Catholic Church stressed that every human has the right to be born in a human way and Pope John Paul II called for an unconditional worldwide ban on the use of cloning. As mentioned earlier, GIFT is one example of a compromise that has been made between Catholicism and technology. However, in examining an issue such as cloning, there are two traditional issues of importanceRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 PagesPirates that were harassing US ships in Mediterranean) -Resources -Centers around protection of resources necessary for military capabilities -Other resources US willing to use force to protect: Oil (note actions taken by US to protect oil), worldwide economic access -Ideals -Many Americans (since nation was founded) view that protection of certain fundamental values as center of national security -Determining Interest: What Conditions Should We Seek? -Military Sufficiency -Issue is how

Bank Loans - 1538 Words

BANK LOANS- statistics project on bank loans 1. Introduction This study has been conducted in order to obtain some extra information regarding credit retrieval from banks. We have collected data from 120 people which have contracted bank loans, by asking them to answer our questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 15 interconnected questions we consider relevant and might help interpret the results better. In a loan, the borrower initially receives an amount of money, called the principal, from the lender, and is obligated to pay back or repay an equal amount of money to the lender at a later time. The loan is generally provided at a cost, referred to as interest on the debt, which provides an incentive for the lender to engage†¦show more content†¦[pic] 2.4. Children Children seem to play a major role in the decision of getting a bank loan of a person or couple. Out of the selected persons, only 27 did not have any children and most of them were in our youngest age group, fact that is understanble considering the implications that raising a child has. Most people had one or two children, but there were two cases in which the person had more than three children. [pic] 2.5. Education level As expected, the education level had a major impact on the number of loans accesed. The â€Å"wining† category was the bachelor degree one, as people from this group have a higher level of education and are prone to have better jobs, thus having more chances in receiving a loan from a bank. Furthermore, they are the ones that require more money for investments, which usually comes from banks. The sutyd revealed that 67 people with a bachelor degree had a loan, thus more than 50% of the total interviewed subjects. On the other hand, there were 23 people who had finished high school and responded positive, showing that loans for personal needs attract customers. [pic] 2.6. Profession Profession is linked in a way to the income of a person so it has a big impact on the results. Although we tried to offer a large variety of options, many of the interviewed volunteers chose the option â€Å"Other† . The graph speaks forShow MoreRelatedObtaining A Bank Loan Crisis3102 Words   |  13 PagesObtaining a bank loan, just as any debt, increases a government’s aggregate amount of debt. Additional debt is of concern for bondholders as it can weaken a government’s debt position. Knowledge of a government’s entire debt burden is essential in credit and risk analysis. Contingent liquidity risk Some bank loan agreements may have covenants or terms that may be more favorable to loan agreements over existing bonds. In some cases banks may be able to effectively prioritize repayment of a bank loan overRead MoreStudent Bank Loans? Essay576 Words   |  3 Pagesfinancial organizations like student bank loans. 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While we define or categorize our loans differently, collectively, we have classified our Construction and Development Tier to this life-cycle stage. Because this is the highest-risk category, it obviously reflects why it is such a small portion contributing to our portfolio. -Family Housing Construction-Read More2. Outline the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Securitisation of Bank Loans.1764 Words   |  8 PagesAdvantages 1. Gap Management In general, banks and other financial intermediaries have longer durations of assets than liabilities. This duration mismatch exposes them to interest rate risk whenever rates are volatile. Specifically, if the duration of a banks assets is longer than its liabilities, rising interest rates will reduce the net worth of the bank and could threaten its capital adequacy position. One obvious way to manage this duration mismatch is for the bank to either lengthen the duration ofRead MoreThe Trend Of Bad Loans Of The Bank During The Past Five Years Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesResearch question one sought to establish the trend of bad loans of the bank during the past five years. The study shows the trend of loans for the past five years, the types of loans that Societe Generale advances to its customers as identified by the study respondents. Personal Loans, Auto Loans, School Fees Loans and Finance Lease. The study shows that the bank recorded the lowest bad debt ratio in 2013 and hi ghest in 2015. It was attributed to the current economic volatility in the country. 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Krietner (1995) states that more experienced workforces are able to impact knowledge to co-workers and even clients thereby improving efficiency and effectiveness. 4.3 Analysis of the trend of bad loans of the bank during the past fiveRead MoreLoan Bank Should Not Be Paid From A Large Well Known Company Like Aeon Essay967 Words   |  4 Pageswhen bank borrows this big amount of money to a large well known company like Aeon, however, in case of not being able to pay back the loan bank will face risks such as: †¢ Not being able to get the money back on time †¢ The extra costs and effort in selling the securities †¢ Aeon might make problems or slow the process of the selling securities †¢ Not being able to recover whole money in short period †¢ Some of the assets might be damage by the time In case that Aeon is not able to pay off the loan bank

In Situ Hybridization Radiolabeled

Question: Discuss about theIn Situ Hybridization forRadiolabeled. Answer: Introduction: In Situ hybridization can be defined as a technique which involves labeling of a probe consisting of one or more than one genes with radiolabeled or fluorescent dye or a reporter molecule is hybridized to specific cells resulting in a coloured product. This technique uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or any other nucleic acid strand in order to localize a particular DNA or RNA sequence (1). The probes generally used in this technique are dsDNA probe, ssDNA probe, RNA probe and synthetic oligonucleotides probe. This report aims to focus on the application, advantages or disadvantages and control measures involved in the technique (2). Application: In Situ hybridization have high significance in the application of locating specific nucleic acid sequences on tissues or chromosomes in order to understand the regulation, organization and specific gene function (5). The various applications of In Situ Hybridization are as follows: To identify the population structure and morphology of microorganisms. This technique is also used in the pathological study such as abnormal gene expression and pathogen profiling. In Situ Hybridization is also applied in phylogenetic analysis and karyotyping. It is also involved in the study of developmental biology such as gene expression profiling. This technique is used in physical mapping (5). Figure: Generation of Riboprobes using In Situ Hybridization (Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) Advantages or Limitations: The main advantage of In Situ Hybridization is that, the technique aids to determine the distribution of specific nucleic acids in relation to the protein products of the gene target. It also enables to identify the relation of the nucleic acids with cellular structures with the application of immunochemistry (4). Moreover, EFTEM technique produces images that can give quantitative information. However, the major disadvantage of In Situ Hybridization is the difficulty in the process of determining targets with low DNSA or RNA copies. Moreover, its time consuming and costly. Data Collected From the Approach: The data generated by FISH depends on the sources of variability during the analysis process (3). The sources of variation might arise from the differences in probe used, sample preparation, hybridization protocols, heterogeneity of intrasample, filters and counting criteria. The fluorescently labeled probe that has hybridized to the nucleus in the cell of interest will appear as specific fluorescent dot. This implicates the success of the hybridization technique using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH). Analytical validation allows the interpretation of the outcome of the FISH data. In addition to this the high degree of probe specificity aids in better interpretation of data in terms of FISH (2). Controls Used: In terms of In Situ Hybridization controls although controls are inclusion of such experiments, they are not used properly. Controls for tissue mRNA quality are added to verify the status of mRNA and tissue (5). In Situ Hybridization controls are of two types, positive and negative controls. Polyd (T) is generally included in the control. Sometimes in certain experiments in situ hybridization is performed using the proper oligonucleotide probe on a new, positive control tissue which is known to contain the sequence of interest (1). Conclusion: In Situ Hybridization is a powerful tool used for localizing of a particular nucleic acid targets within a cell or tissue that helps in the obtaining information about the gene expression and gene loci. The fluorescently labeled probe that has hybridized to the nucleus in the cell of interest will appear as specific fluorescent dot and this data re interpreted to validate the required outcome. There are various applications of In Situ Hybridization such as in the field of microbiology, immunology and pharmacogenomics. However, the limitation of this technique is it is costly and time consuming. References: Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Oct 28. Nagarajan K, Loh KC. Molecular biology-based methods for quantification of bacteria in mixed culture: perspectives and limitations. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2014 Aug 1;98(16):6907-19. Nikolakakis K, Lehnert E, McFall-Ngai MJ, Ruby EG. Use of hybridization chain reaction-fluorescent in situ hybridization to track gene expression by both partners during initiation of symbiosis. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2015 Jul 15;81(14):4728-35. Stender H, Williams B, Coull J. PNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for rapid microbiology and cytogenetic analysis. Peptide Nucleic Acids: Methods and Protocols Second Edition. 2014:167-78. Wagner M, Haider S. New trends in fluorescence in situ hybridization for identification and functional analyses of microbes. Current opinion in biotechnology. 2012 Feb 29;23(1):96-102. Wright ES, Yilmaz LS, Corcoran AM, kten HE, Noguera DR. Automated design of probes for rRNA-targeted fluorescence in situ hybridization reveals the advantages of using dual probes for accurate identification. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2014 Aug 15;80(16):5124-33.

Poetry + The Prophet by Khalil Gibran Flashcard

Poetry + The Prophet by Khalil Gibran

40 Social Media Marketing Tips Every Marketer Should Know

40 Social Media Marketing Tips Every Marketer Should Know Ever feel like social media marketing can be, well, overwhelming? Believe us, we get it. Its a fast-moving industry, and with so much to learn and do, its easy to feel like youre falling behind. Thats why weve pulled together this list of our top 40 social media marketing tips. Its your easily skimmable go-to guide  thats full of actionable advice you can implement right now. Plus, weve included 12 free templates, guides, and infographics to help you put this advice into action. Add this page to your bookmarks and start learning! 40 Social Media Marketing Tips Every Marketer Needs To KnowGet Your Social Media Marketing Template Bundle Get more done with 12 free different templates! Heres everything your bundle includes: Social Media Content Calendar Template: Keep track of every social media post your team needs to publish. Best Times to Post on Social Media Infographic with the best times to post on every channel. Guide To LinkedIn Marketing Infographic: Packed full of stats about your favorite networking channel. Social Media Budget Template: To disperse and keep track of funding. Social Media ROI Report Template: that will walk you through how to use Google Analytics to find out how much money youre making for every post you publish. Facebook Marketing Strategy Template: To break down how youre going to use one of the worlds most popular social networks. Social Media Competitive Analysis Template: To observe and record your competitors strategies. Social Media Report Template: To track and prove how well your teams efforts are working. Social Media Proposal Template: To help you format your services and convince clients to work with your team. Social Media Strategy Guide: To help your team develop a plan of action for your social networks. How Often to Post on Social Media Infographic: that breaks down the best practices for publishing content on each social channels. Social Media Policy Template: To help outline social network expectations for your employees and deal with an emergency situation.Table of Contents Effective Facebook Marketing Tips To Get Traffic Build Traffic With These Twitter Marketing Tips Google+ Marketing Tips To Build Traffic Build Your Brand With These Instagram Marketing Tips Pinterest Marketing Tips To Get More Traffic Build Traffic With These LinkedIn Marketing Tips DID YOU KNOW: It's easy to plan, execute, and measure all your social media campaigns on one marketing calendar using ? Start your free 14-day trial or schedule a demo today. Effective Facebook Marketing Tips 1. Optimize Your Profile Picture and Cover Photo The first step for any marketing team using Facebook is creating an optimized profile picture and cover photo. Your profile picture should be: A high-resolution photo of your company's logo. Sized down to a 180px x 180px square. Still be recognizable viewing it on a mobile or tablet device. Remember your profile picture is the first thing that your audience sees in their newsfeed. Your logo should still be distinguishable in a small size. Your cover photo should be: Within the same theme as your profile picture. Should tell a more comprehensive story about who your organization is. This could be through taglines, product photos more. Sized correctly to allow your audience to see the full photo. Right now the optimum size for a cover photo (or video) on Facebook is 815px x 215px. Recommended Reading: The Best Guide to Social Media Image Sizes Every Marketer Needs 2. Fill Out Your Facebook Bio There are no shortcuts when it comes to your social media marketing.  That means you need to fill out your Facebook bio. A business's Facebook bio is broken into multiple parts including: About Section The first part of your Facebook profile is easy to fill out. It should include your company name, when your organization was founded, a phone number and email for people to contact you and a link to your website. Additional Information There is a section in your Facebook profile that will allow you to give your audience more information about your organization. This part of your bio should include a short "About Us" paragraph, a founding date, and information about the products and services your company offers. You can also add information on your privacy policy and any awards your company has received: Story Section The final part of your bio should include a story. The story section allows you to go in-depth about what makes your organization tick. You can break down product information, go deeper into how your company got started or add anything else that you think your audience needs to know when they're first learning about your organization: Here's how to optimize your business's #Facebook page.3. Set a Consistent Posting Schedule Consistently posting to your Facebook page helps get your audience into a rhythm. If they see that you share new content on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays at noon, it will help remind them to check in. According to 14 different studies, you should be posting to Facebook at least once per day: 4. Schedule Your Posts at the Optimum Time Facebook's algorithm makes it difficult for companies to reach their full audience because newsfeeds are continually reshuffling content and limiting the organic reach of your company's post. To maximize the life of your content, you should schedule your posts to publish at the best time. According to our research, we found that scheduling your posts at 9 am, 1 pm and 3 pm will give your content the best chance at attracting more eyeballs: You can either manually schedule your social media posts to send at the best times, or you can use the Best Time Scheduling feature in to publish your posts at the best time automatically: To use Best Time Scheduling, craft a social post in your calendar: Then scroll down to the bottom of your post and select  Best Time  from the drop-down menu: It's that easy. Did you know @can auto-publish all your social posts at the best times?5. Use Video To Attract Your Audience Tons of advice try and tell you what the best content type is for posting on Facebook. It ranges between images, videos, and links. Here's the truth. As of 2017 videos are the most reliable type of content that your team can publish. Why? Because the current Facebook algorithm pushes them to the top of your audience's newsfeed. Let's not forget Facebook just launched "Facebook Watch" a host platform that allows users to upload video series instead of only stand-alone videos: Introducing Watch Posted by Facebook on Wednesday, August 9, 2017 In a nutshell, your team needs to: Start with a big idea: What topic are your videos going to be centered around? Plan your shooting schedule and write your script. Create a video distribution schedule. Define your publishing and promotion schedule. Recommended Reading: How to Do Facebook Video Marketing the Right Way 6. Use Facebook Advertising To Boost The Reach of Your Posts If you want to guarantee you'll have eyeballs on your content you need to use Facebook advertising and boosted posts. Those eyeballs don't come cheap, and it's up to your social team to determine how much money you're willing to spend to get your posts in front of people. Check out this video from Hubspot to see how Facebook advertising works: If your team decides that Facebook advertising is the way to go, you'll need to: Determine your target audience. Set a budget. Create guidelines for what types of content you're going to boost. Set goals and choose metrics that will determine the success of your boosted posts. Recommended Reading: How to Set SMART Marketing Goals 7. Target The Right Audience Using Facebook's In-App Targeting Features Did you know that you can control who sees your ads based on their demographics? Facebook offers a feature that allows you to create a target demographic and push your content onto their feeds. Before this feature, you used to have to manually create your targeted ad demographics every time you wanted to publish a new ad. Now you can segment your audience and deliver the right content and the right time to help drive your customers deeper into your marketing funnel. Here's a quick video that walks you through how to set up your audiences: You can also use to create custom target audiences straight from the app. To do this start by creating a Facebook message in your calendar by clicking the  +  sign inside a date and select  Social Message: Click the target in the lower left-hand corner and begin selecting the demographics that you want your intended audience to be filtered by: Save your target audience to use on future posts by selecting  +Save Current As Preset. Title your target audience sample and click apply: will take care of the rest. Recommended Reading: 35 Facebook Marketing Tips to Drive Better Results Right Now Back To Table Of Contents Use These Twitter Marketing Tips To Get More Done 8. How To Use Hashtags On Twitter Correctly Hashtags make it easier for your audience to find your content and since Twitter is the birthplace of hashtags, you'll want to use them correctly. Hashtags fall into three categories: Branded: These are hashtags that are specific to your organization. Industry: These hashtags focus on industry topics and trends. Trending: These hashtags are centered around news related topics and will change quickly. Our advice? Mix up the types of hashtags you use in your posts and stick to using 1–2 hashtags  per tweet. If you're looking to do some hashtag research check out these sources: Hashtags.org Twubs.com Tagdef.com Hashtagify 9. Keep Your Messages Short Twitter may have just extended the length of a tweet to 280 characters but just because you have that space doesn't mean you should use it. According to our research, the best length for a tweet is 103 characters. However, this research was conducted before Twitter expanded its character limit. That means that your posts should be: Concise: Get straight to the point of what you want to say. Clear: Does what you're trying to say make sense? Conversational: Your tweets should encourage your audience to engage with you. Here are some other tips to follow when you're crafting your Twitter messages: Recommended Reading: https://.com/blog/social-media-content-creation/ 10. Don't Automate Your Direct Messages (Ever) My biggest pet peeve is when I follow someone on Twitter, and almost immediately my inbox goes off, and a canned message appears thanking me for following said person. Automated direct messages come across as impersonal, annoying and lazy. You don't want your organization to be any of those things. If you want to reach out to a new Twitter follower, be sincere about it. Try using this template to start: "Hi, [Username]. We noticed that you just started following us on Twitter. We wanted to say thank you. If you need anything, reach out and let us know." 11. Use GIFs Wisely The latest "thing" that companies are creating to get people to interact with them is to write a random relatable quote and slap a GIF on it. While that may have worked the first five times, now every company out there is trying it and when you're already trying to stand out in a crowded feed, following what everyone else is doing will get you nowhere. If your team decides that GIFs will be a part of your Twitter strategy do the following: Decide what types of posts need to have a GIF. What types of GIFs are appropriate for your organization to use. How often your teams can use GIFs per day. When using a GIF is appropriate. 12. Post At The Best Times On Twitter The lifespan of a tweet is about 18 minutes. That means you have an 18-minute window to gather the most views on your content. How do you do that? You want to post at the times when your followers are on. Here is when to tweet in general to increase retweets and click-throughs: Around 5–6 p.m. Noon specifically 3 p.m. Best times to Tweet is around 5–6 p.m., around noon, and at 3 p.m. #marketing13. Use Twitter Lists To Help Curate Content Want to know one of the hacks to keeping up a steady stream of Twitter content? Curate content from your Twitter lists. A Twitter list is a list of users that a person has added into a specific group that will generate a feed of content from only those selected accounts. These are great for when you're following a bunch of thought leaders in your industry and need some awesome content to share in a hurry. If you want to learn how to create a Twitter list check out this video: Once you've created your lists you can scroll through those select feeds and begin to curate content. However, don't just read a headline and add the article or video to your publishing schedule. Follow these three steps before you add any content to your publishing schedule: Read the entire article. A headline does not tell you all the information that is included in the content. Take the time to actually read the content before you share it. Check to make sure that the information referenced is coming from a reliable source. It's easy to skim content and share it but if they information that you share with your followers isn't accurate it can damage your own creditability, so share wisely. Give credit to the content owners. No one likes having their worked swiped from them so be sure to give credit where credit is due. 14. Use Images To Grab People's Attention On Twitter Adding images and graphics to your tweets will get you 18% more clicks. When tweeting a link to your latest blog post, use one of the images from the post to help drive more clicks on the shared link. The image should relate directly to the subject of your blog post, which should help incentivize people to click. Here are some general guidelines for using images on Twitter: Make sure you use images in every  tweet. Stick to using images that are 440 x 220px Back To Table Of Contents Google+ Marketing Tips That Will Help You Get More Done 15. Create Headlines For Your Posts The more users notice your Google+ posts, the more likely they are to engage. Not only does adding a headline help your post stand out, but Google uses the first words of your Google + post to  help it stand out in the Google searches. Adding the right headline can help your post stand out in search results, and can greatly influence the number of people who both notice and click through to your content. –Cyrus Shepard, formerly of Moz Here is an example of a Google+ headline: 16. Use Big Images To Capture Your Audience's Attention Over at Quicksprout, Neil Patel said this about images: The bigger, the better! Take advantage of the technology in web design and monitors and use big and bold images. That's one great thing about Google +. You can take advantage of those big pictures. Here are a couple of general tips for using images effectively on Google+: Use images with the .png format rather than the .jpg format to make sure you have high clarity. Stick to using images that are 426 x 255px. 17. Post At The Best Times  On Google+ You are completely missing out on traffic to your content if you aren't posting at the best times for click-throughs. Here is when to post on Google+ for more click-throughs: 9 a.m. 11 a.m. 12–1  p.m. Best times to post on Google + is at 9 a.m., 11 a.m., and from 12-1 p.m. #marketing18. Use Communities To Build Traffic Blogger Tips Tricks  said, "Google Plus has highly active, close-knit communities which can give you massive exposure.  Some of these groups have more than 100K members and have high chances of getting significant traffic if you post valuable posts." So, if you aren't on Google+ Communities with a significant amount of members, you're missing out. This thorough step-by-step video will help when looking for Google+ Communities: 19. Create Circles With Your Connections Creating Circles with other people is a super easy way to grow your Google+ following base and bring traffic to your content. You can create circles for your work, groups you are a part of, location, industry, and even for your niche. Say you want to add someone to a circle. Press follow: You'll be able to pick which circle you want to add them to: Having connections in your circles will help you grow traffic  by creating relationships. 20. Create Collections To Help People Find Your Content Easier Having collections makes it easy to organize all your content. You can share your collections publicly, or you can keep them private. When you create your first few collections, you'll see this: Click Create a collection. Name your collection here. After naming your collection,  press Create: Then you will be brought here: When you click on the pen icon, you will  be able to write up your collection post, add a link, image, and even a video. Collections give your audience an excellent way to find more content on the topics they love. Back To Table Of Contents Instagram Marketing Tips To Boost Your Strategy 21. Switch Over to a Business Profile If your organization's Instagram profile isn't a business profile yet, you are missing out on potential data. Instagram business profiles allow your team to optimize your profile, add contact information and your website into the bio section making it much easier for your audience to interact and connect with you. To switch over to a business profile, click the setting on your Instagram page: Scroll down to  Switch to Business Profile: Flip the switch, and you're done. DID YOU KNOW: Once you have an account set up, you can schedule all your Instagram posts using ? See how here. 22. Keep Your Photos Styled Within One Color Scheme Keep your Instagram profile uniform by keeping your photos within one color scheme. Not only does keeping them in this palette make it easier for fans to recognize your photos it creates a more cohesive profile. From my own experiences, I can tell you that your photo IS important but so is the look of your Instagram feed as a whole. Creating a cohesive feed helps bring the tone of your brand across without having to say a word (literally). How do you know what type of color scheme to use? Use the color scheme that is consistent with your brand. That means that you can pull colors from your logo or other branding materials. You may need to pull out your branding book or talk with your designers to find out what those colors are. If you don't have your branding developed yet think about the tone that you want your brand to convey. If you're a fashion and style brand use bold bright colors like Instagram user @rclayton: Her fashion-forward feed is full of bright, electric colors that complement bold fashion choices. Together those colors convey a sense of confidence which is on point with her personal brand. Recommended Reading: How to Build Social Media Branding Guidelines to Make Your Brand Memorable 23. Choose One Filter and Stick With It Like we've already mentioned, consistency in your content is key to a successful Instagram feed. Another way to keep your feed consistent is picking one filter and sticking with it. If you have a design team at your disposal, you may not even need a filter. If you do decide to choose a filter the first thing that you need to do is determine the aesthetic of your brand. Do you want your photos to have more of a grunge feel or a light and airy feel? Using your branding guide, look for the keywords that describe your brand. Bundle them into a group of three and experiment with different filters to find the one that you and your team believe best convey's the intended aesthetic. 24. Include an Optimal Number of Hashtags Hashtags are a big part of Instagram's posts because it allows photos and video content to become searchable on the channel. Unlike Twitter, your Instagram post has a lot more room to breath, but that doesn't mean you should go hashtag happy on every post. Too much of something is not always a good thing. Our research found that 11 is the optimum number of hashtags that you should add to a post to help encourage people to interact with it: If you're struggling to figure out what types of hashtags to add to your post try a different mix of industry, branded and trending (when applicable) hashtags. Try using a mix of #hashtags in your #social #media posts.25. Experiment With Your Posting Times Ask anyone about the best times to post on Instagram, and you'll probably get a variety of answers from 2 in the morning to later in the evening around 5 pm. What if we told you it was all of them? Active hours for your audience will vary so experiment with your posting times to see when you can garner the most reactions. Our research suggests trying: 2 am. (Unless you like sleep in which case, sleep). Between 8 am and 9 am. After 5 pm. Recommended Reading: What 20 Studies Say About the Best Times to Post on Social Media 26. Utilize The Multi-Image Feature To Stand Out In A Crowd As of February 2017, Instagram added: "Instagram Albums" or the ability to upload more than one photo to a post. Why is adding more than one photo such a game changer? It allows your team to expand on your initial post to tell a more extensive story. DID YOU KNOW: You can schedule multi-image posts in ? Learn how here. A few examples that you could utilize Instagram Albums for are: New Product Launches Instead of trying to choose one perfect photo to showcase a new product now you can show multiple angles and even use cases. Check out this example from Nike:   The incredibly soft, springy, light and long-lasting Nike Epic React is here. Get it at Nike.com before it goes. #NikeReact A post shared by nike (@nike) on Feb 22, 2018 at 7:15am PST Event Recaps Using Instagram Albums can be a great way to recap an event your organization hosted or attended. Homecoming events are a great thing to recap in an album. Check out this example from Concordia College in Moorhead, Minn.: We had to shut down all of 8th street to fit all of the Cobber pride! ðŸÅ' ½Ã°Å¸â€˜  #cordmn #rollcobbs A post shared by Concordia College (@concordia_mn) on Sep 30, 2017 at 10:20am PDT Recommended Reading: https://.com/blog/instagram-marketing-strategy/ 27. Utilize Instagram Stories To Stand Out In The App Instagram Stories is the Snapchat copycat that launched on the platform a little more than a year ago. These short ten second videos are broadcasted right to the top of your fan's feed like this: Instagram Stories can be used in a variety of different ways like: Showing behind the scenes content. Showcasing culture moments for your organization. Live demonstrations of how to use your product. The best part is that Instagram Stories go straight to the top of the app and you can add as many photos and videos as you want without having to worry about spamming your followers. Here's a quick video that shows you how to use Instagram Stories: Pinterest Marketing Tips To Get Sh*t Done 28. Pin At The Best Times Like Twitter, Pinterest is overflowing with content. That constant stream of content can make it hard to stand out which is why posting your pins at the right time will help them gain traction. Our research has shown that the following times are the optimum   periods to publish pins: From 8–11 p.m. (There is a 9 p.m. peak!) Around 2–4 a.m. and from 2–4 p.m. And last but not least 1–3 p.m.Best times to Pin on #Pinterest is at 8–11 p.m., 2–4 a.m., 2–4 p.m., and at 1–3 p.m.29. Use  Long Visuals On Pinterest To Capture Your Audience's Attention The most successful image size for Pinterest images and graphics are  long visuals. Here are a few tips for visuals on Pinterest: Make sure you link to content on your blog or website so you can convert the traffic. Stick to using images that are 600 x 1102px. Make sure that the content you add to the pin is easy to read and digest. These need to be skimmable images after all. 30. Use Keywords In Your Pin Descriptions Pinterest is a heavy keyword site meaning that if you target keywords in your pin descriptions, your pin will surface when that particular keyword is searched. To start, consult your SEO content strategy. If you've centered your content around keywords that your audience is looking for you should already know the keywords to add to your content. Pull the top ten keywords that your audience searches for and start to create content descriptions with those keywords. It's easier to think of your pin descriptions as mini meta-descriptions. In our research, we found that descriptions that were about 215 characters performed best: 31. Pay Attention To What Is Trending On Pinterest To Bring In Traffic Utilizing trending topics on Pinterest can help give your pins a little extra boost. Click on the icon next to the search bar. Then trending topics will populate in the bar below: Although trending topics can be a great way to give your pins an extra boost, don't throw your pins into a trending topic unless it makes sense for it to be there. Let's face it; it would be weird if your blog infographic showed up in a list of maternity photos. 32. Link Your Pins Back To Your Website Linking your pins back to your website is important because without that backlink your audience can't find you. Sure they could Google you, but people are lazy (myself included). Make it easy to find you. You can check your Pins to make sure they lead back to a website page by hovering over your Pin. Scroll down to  Website: If the website link is blank, you need to place a URL link there. Press Save. This might seem like a small, time-consuming step, but it's important to do a comprehensive sweep through your pinned content to make sure your pins are directing traffic to your blog or content elsewhere on the web. 33. Promote Your Pins Let's say your content is producing a ton of traffic and more than half is coming from Pinterest. Wouldn't you want to boost that pin to gain even more traffic? Promoted pins are easy to use. To promote a pin go to the left-hand side of your Pinterest profile and click  Ads. You can select a variety of different ads depending on what you want your end goal to be: For this example, we're going to promote a pin that increases traffic. Click  Create Campaign: From there Pinterest will walk you through how to set up a pin including creating a target audience, choosing target keywords, setting ad spend and more: Finally, you'll select your pin, and your campaign will start running. Easy right? 34. Design Infographics That People Want To Read Infographics are the heart and soul of Pinterest. They're visually stimulating and highly informative which makes them a sharing goldmine. But, only if they're done correctly. There are seven steps that you need to follow in order to create Pinterest-worthy infographics: Recommended Reading: https://.com/blog/how-to-make-an-infographic/ Back To Table Of Contents Maximize Your Presence With These LinkedIn Marketing Tips 35. Make A Great First Impression With A Completed LinkedIn Profile Your business wants to make a substantial first impression on LinkedIn. People are searching for a solution, and they shouldn't have to go through the extra work of having to click to your website to find out more about you. So what does a completed profile look like? A Concise About Us Description Your "About Us" description needs to be concise enough to skim but thorough enough to answer the question "What do you do and what can you do for me?" List Need To Know Company Details The next and last part of your bio should include details like where your company is located, a web address and specialties that your organization works in: Recommended Reading:  https://.com/blog/linkedin-marketing-strategy/ 36. Build Traffic By Creating Your Own LinkedIn Group Creating a group is another way to build traffic on LinkedIn. To form your group, you must: Choose a niche and specialty category that you'd like to focus on. Write up your group description. Be sure to include the name of your target market and your group's category. Monitor and manage your group. You want your group to be a clean atmosphere for people in your industry to come and chat about what you all enjoy. That means keeping a steady stream of content so be prepared to throw in articles, white papers, podcast links and more those first few weeks to keep the discussion going. Beware of people who are sharing their content merely to get a few extra page views. If the content is relevant to the discussion, by all means, leave it in. However, you don't want other group members to get spammed by content so monitor your page daily if you can. 37. Always Share Engaging Content To Build Trust There are a bunch of things that go into writing engaging messages. Make sure you have these in mind when you're writing: Write about something your audience will enjoy. Get to the point. Share your content often. When you share content filled with actionable and helpful information you are building trust with your audience. ...the next step is to stay top of mind by sharing great content that delivers on-going value to your audience. - JoAnne Funch 38. Capture The Attention Of Your Audience With Images According to Neil Patel, attaching images to your content adds 98 comments. By capturing the attention of your audience, you're able to hook them into your content and engage with them. Here are LinkedIn's golden image rules: Do your images have a personal touch? Make sure your images are 531 px wide. 39. Post At The Best Times On LinkedIn We've found that LinkedIn posts receive the bulk of their likes, comments and reach potential within 2 hours of it's posting. To maximize that potential you need to post when your audience is online. When to post on LinkedIn for the most click-throughs: 5–6 p.m. 7–8 a.m. 12 p.m. Best times to post on LinkedIn are at 5–6 p.m., 7–8 a.m., and at 12 p.m. #Marketing40. Publish Content On LinkedIn Pulse To Get More Eyes On Your Content Publish posts to LinkedIn Pulse by pressing Publish a post. (You may republish things you've published elsewhere as long  as it is your original content that you own the rights to.) Add a headline: Once you publish your post, it will appear as a long-form post. Sharing posts on LinkedIn will help build you engage with your audience and direct traffic back to your blog by including  a strong CTA. After you finish writing your post, put your bio at the bottom and link back to your website. Back To Table Of Contents Now You're Ready To Build Traffic With Social Media Marketing Tips You now know the social media marketing tips it takes to build traffic to your blog, website,  and social media profiles. If you can take one of these 40 social media marketing tips and put it into practice, you've got what it takes to conquer the world when it comes to marketing on social media.

Paramedic Science (Medical) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Paramedic Science (Medical) - Essay Example The area deprived of blood supply is said to have suffered ischemic injury. The ischemic injury, if severe enough to cause the complete block of oxygen and nutrients causes death of the heart tissue, which is termed as Myocardial Infarction (Guyton et al 200, Ganong 2005). The blood vessels supplying the heart are called coronary arteries. There are three main coronary arteries which supply different areas of heart along with their branches. These are 1) Right coronary artery, 2) Left anterior descending artery, 3) Left circumflex artery. Above 90% cases of myocardial infarction occur as a result of coronary artery blockage, thus the disease is also referred to as coronary artery disease (CAD). The most common and dangerous cause of coronary artery obstruction, and thus MI is Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis refers to the narrowing of arteries because of accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are basically thrombi composed of lipid foam cells (cholesterol) and differe nt cell components including smooth muscle, macrophages and collagen fibres. In most instances, the ischemic myocardial infarction is precipitated by the phenomenon called acute plaque change. Acute plaque change results from the rupture of pre-existing thrombi that partially occlude the lumen. The rupture exposes the underlying thrombogenic endothelium. The plaques are also termed as vulnerable plaques as they contain lipids in high amounts, along with collagen fibres and inflammatory cells. When ruptured, the reactivity of these components causes the inflammatory destabilization and result in the infarction (Libby P 2001). The acute phase reactant, C reactive protein (CRP) is thus found to be high during the acute myocardial infarction (Blake et al 2003). The infarction can occur in either of the two patterns, complete occlusion of a single coronary artery referred to as transmural infarct, which results in complete ischemia of the area supplied by that particular coronary artery. Subendocardial infarcts on the other hand occlude the arteries incompletely, and thus allow some perfusion. But since subendocardium is the least perused area of the myocardium, it is more prone to ischemic death. The aim of reperfusion is to save the viable muscle from necrosis (Huber et al 1996). The myocardial injury is reversible for up to 30 minutes after the ischemic attack, thereafter the injury becomes irreversible. The entire muscle becomes necrotic within six hours, if the collateral arteries are not well developed (Robbins et al 2005, Mohan 2007). The development of atherosclerotic plaques and pathogenesis of the process into the myocardial infarction is a complex one. It is a chronic disease taking years to evolve before it causes any modifiable consequences. The evolvement is subtle and the resultant damage is severe. The pathogenesis of the disease involves several factors. The balance among these factors in the long run determines the outcome of the condition. These factors can either be modifiable or non-modifiable. The modifiable factors are the ones that a person can control by bringing about certain changes. They include controlling the level of fats in diet, cessation of smoking, regular exercise and maintaining the blood pressure in the normal range (Manson et al 1996). The hyperlipidemias, i.e. elevated low density lipoproteins and

Military Regimes in African Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Military Regimes in African Countries - Essay Example The discussions will entail logical arguments behind the various military regimes that have occurred in Africa. The paper will give an analysis of the various military regimes that have taken place in Africa since independence to modern days. Introduction The focus on military regimes can be traced to the period after 1950 when most African countries gained independence. There was a considerable increase in the number of military coups during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. During this period, a large number of military regimes emerged all over the world. In 1979, fourteen military regimes rose to power in sub-Saharan Africa. Besides the military regimes in Sub-saharan Africa, other regimes held power in Latin America, North Africa, Arab states, South East Asia and East Asia (Falola 2002, p. 235) Because of the tremendous rise of African military regimes, political scientists, historians, sociologists, and economists had a keen interest in studying this form of government. Africa witnessed seventy-one military coups between 1950 and 1990. Since African nations gained independence, a number of military regimes have overthrown the ruling civilian regimes. The military coups replace the government and introduce military rule. In most instances, the military leaders, who take over governance, introduce dictatorial rules (Kieh & Agbese 2004, p. 20). Some of the famous military coups that have taken place in Africa include the Ghanaian coup in 1966, Libyan military coup in 1969 led by Muammar Gaddafi and the Ugandan coup in 1971 led by Idi Amin. Gaddafi led a group of young Libyan military officers in a bloodless coup that saw the overthrowing of King Idris I. In Uganda, Idi Amin succeeded in ending the rule of Milton Obote. Other military coups have happened in countries such as Nigeria, Congo, Togo, among others (Baynham 1986, p. 38). Rating performance of military regimes in Africa Military coups in Africa can be explained by general factors applicable to the entire cont inent. A keen look at the past military coups indicates a common trend in military coups. Almost all countries in Africa that have had military coups seem to have the same reasons for the eruption of the military coups. From 1960 to 1970, a number of African nations witnessed military coups. Historians have regarded this period as a decade of coups in Africa (Kieh & Agbese 2004, p. 22). Once a coup erupted in one country, it became a phenomenon in other nations. Coups swept across the entire African continent at an alarming rate. Based on this, the rise of military regimes in Africa emerges from general factors applicable to the entire continent. The paper will now focus on the factors that have led to the rise of military regimes in Africa. In an attempt to preserve authority, states have embraced the use of coercion. As a result, some government institutions play the role of enhancing coercion. This reality has significantly directed debates surrounding politics in postcolonial Af rica. The government needs coercive agencies, such as the police and military, which should be obedient to political leaders. However, this has not succeeded in Africa. In many instances, the military has used violent means to initiate coup d’etats. This is a contradiction since the military should manage violence on behalf of the state (Thomson 2010, p. 135). A notable factor responsible for military coups in A

Organic certification Essay Example for Free

Organic certification Essay Marketplace Characteristics of U. S. Organic Sector The U. S. organic food industry crossed a threshold in 2000: for the first time, more organic food was purchased in conventional supermarkets than in any other venue. Industry estimates suggest that nearly half of the $7. 8 billion spent on organic food in 2000 was purchased in conventional retail outlets. Organic products are now available in nearly 20,000 natural foods stores (Natural Foods Merchandiser), and are sold in 73 percent of all conventional grocery stores (Food Marketing Institute). Growing consumer demand for organic products has been manifested in the market in many ways. Acreage of certified organic farmland is increasing to meet growing consumer demand. According to the most recent USDA estimates, U. S. certified organic cropland doubled between 1992 and 1997, to 1. 3 million acres. Preliminary estimates for 2001 suggest that certified organic acreage significantly increased between 1997 and 2001. From the consumer side, new products are being introduced rapidly. For example, over 800 new organic products were introduced in the first half of 2000. Desserts made up the majority of new products in 2000, while most new products introduced in 1999 were beverages (Myersand Rorie). The new U. S. Department of Agriculture standards for organic food, slated to be fully implemented by October 2002, are expected to facilitate further growth in the organic foods industry. The USDA standard defines organic production as â€Å"A production system that is managed in accordance with the [Organic Foods Production] Act and regulations in this part to respond to site-specific conditions by integrating cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity. † 1 The national organic standards address the methods, practices, and substances used in producing and handling crops, livestock, and processed agricultural products (see box). All agricultural products that are sold, labeled, or represented as organic must be in compliance with the regulations after October 2002. Organic food is sold to consumers through three main venues in the United States—natural foods stores, conventional grocery stores, and direct-to-consumer markets—and a small amount is exported to foreign markets. USDA does not have national statistics on organic retail sales. Industry sources have reported retail sales for organic food, but those data are fragmentary and, at times, inconsistent. A trade publication, the Natural Foods Merchandiser (NFM) reported estimates of total U. S. retail sales of organic foods for 1990 through 1996. NFM estimated total organic sales through all marketing outlets rose steadily from about $1 billion in 1990 to $3. 3 billion in 1996, the last year that total sales were reported. Since 1999, Packaged Facts, a market research firm, has been reporting organic food sales. According to Packaged Facts, organic food sales in all venues totaled $6. 5 billion in 1999 and $7. 8 billion in 2000. This increase continues the streak of industry growth equal to 20 percent or more annually since 1990. Purveyors of natural products were the primary sales force for organic food since the beginning of the organic food movement over half a century ago. Until 2000, the largest retail outlet for organic food was natural foods stores followed by direct markets (such as farmers markets), according to NFM data (fig. 1). In 2000, 49 percent of all organic products was sold in conventional supermarkets, 48 percent was sold in health and natural products stores, and 3 percent through direct-to-consumer methods (Packaged Facts). In contrast, in 1991, 7 percent of all organic products were sold in conventional supermarkets and 68 percent were sold in health and natural products stores (NFM). Fresh produce remains the top-selling organic category (see fig. 2), followed by nondairy beverages, breads and grains, packaged foods (frozen and dried prepared foods, baby food, soups, and desserts), and dairy products. During the 1990s, organic dairy was the most rapidly growing segment, with sales up over 500 percent between 1994 and 1999. Sales of organic yogurt and kefir increased 56. 4 percent between 1999 and 2000. Following closely, sales of nondairy beverages (for example, juice and soymilk) increased 53. 1 percent and sales of fresh produce grew by 51. 4 percent between 1999 and 2000, according to industry sources. Overall, according to Packaged Facts, organic sales in natural product supermarkets and conventional stores increased by 20 percent between 1999 and 2000. Organic farmers market their food directly to consumers much more frequently than conventional farmers do, and the last decade has seen a renaissance in the use of farmers markets across the country. Producers capture a much higher share of the consumer food dollar when they market their produce directly to consumers. Several surveys of certified organic producers show similar findings on theirheavy use of direct -to-consumer marketing. A 1997 survey of certified organic producers in the United States conducted by the Organic Farming Research Foundation (OFRF)—a California nonprofit group that sponsors research on organic farming—found that direct market use is extensive and varies by commodity sector, with fruits and vegetables the highest. Organic producers reported selling produce from about 23 percent of their vegetable acreage directly to consumers through on-farm sales (9 percent), farmers markets (8 percent), â€Å"community supported agriculture† subscriptions (4 percent), and other types of direct-toconsumer markets (2 percent). Also, produce from about 20 percent of the organic fruit and vegetable acreage was marketed directly to grocery retailers and restaurants. A 1994 USDA survey of certified organic vegetable producers in the United States found that the use of direct-toconsumer markets varied with farm size, with 60 percent of the growers with under 10 acres (three-quarters of the respondents) using this channel compared with 12 percent with 10 acres or more (Fernandez-Cornejo et al. ). Smaller growers tended to market directly to grocery retailers (11 percent versus 6 percent for larger growers) and through grower cooperatives (10 percent versus 3 percent for larger growers), while the larger growers marketed more heavily to vegetable packer/shippers, brokers, and food processors. Organically grown food is widely available in farmers markets across the United States, and organic-only farmers markets have been organized in Oregon, Illinois, Missouri, and other States. The renaissance in farmers markets in the United States during the 1990s—fostered by State and local municipalities wanting to revitalize neighborhoods and preserve regional farmland and open space— has been a boon to organic farmers who use this marketing outlet much more heavily than conventional farmers do. States are also producing directories of farm stands and pick-your-own farms, including organic directories, and developing logos like â€Å"Jersey Fresh† to promote locally grown food. Community-supported agriculture (CSA) is an innovative direct marketing arrangement that organic farmers have been pioneering in the United States for about a decade. Consumers subscribe to the harvest of a CSA farmer for the entire upcoming season, and pay for their produce in advance. Under a CSA arrangement, consumers share the production risks and variable harvests of the farmer— including especially abundant harvests—and sometimes participate in festivals and other social activities at the farm. Over 800 CSAs are currently listed in the U. S. database maintained by USDA and the Robyn Van En Center at Wilson College. Most of the CSA farms use organic production systems. Production Characteristics of U. S. Organic Sector A growing body of research in the United States has been devoted to the economics of organic production systems— its yields, input costs, income, profitability, and other economic characteristics. A 1990 review of the U. S. literature concluded that the â€Å"variation within organic and conventional farming systems is likely as large as the differences between the two systems† and found mixed results in the comparisons for most characteristics (Knoblauch, Brown, and Braster, 1990). Several more recent U. S. studies have indicated that organic price premiums are key in giving organic farming systems comparable or higher whole-farm profits than conventional chemical- intensive systems, particularly for crops like processed tomatoes and cotton (Klonsky and Livingston, 1994; Batte, Forster, and Hitzhusen, 1993; Assadian, Esparza, and Ponce, 1999). Other studies have found that organic systems may be more profitable than conventional systems, even without price premiums. For example, some Midwestern organic grain and soybean production was found to be more profitable than conventional systems, even without price premiums, due to higher yields in drier areas or periods, lower input costs, or crop mix (Welsh, 1999). Also, a recent study comparing organic and conventional apple production in California’s Central Coast showed higher yields as well as higher returns under the organic systems (Swezey et al. , 1994). And another recent study compared organic, conventional, and integrated apple production systems in Washington State over a 6-year period, and found that the organic system was more profitable, had similar yields, better tasting fruit, and was more environmentally sustainable and energy efficient than the other systems (Reganold et al. ). We are not aware of recently published research that finds farming with organic methods is less profitable than farming with conventional methods. Of course, net returns to various production systems may vary with biophysical and economic factors (such as soil type, climate, and proximity to markets), and a system that is optimal in one location may not be optimal in another. Also, factors not captured in standard profit calculations, such as convenience, longer-term planning horizons, and environmental ethics, can motivate rational adoption of a particular practice or farming system. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of the factors influencing net returns to organic farming systems. The promising results from the limited number of economic studies to date have led to an increase in research on organic farming systems. USDA, universities, and other U. S. institutions are increasingly examining the long-term economics of organic farming systems through replicated field trial research and a multidisciplinary systems approach. Most of these projects are less than a decade old, and promise to answer basic research questions about yields and profitability as well as to address farmer-defined management and production obstacles to the more widespread adoption of organic production systems. Farmers in 49 States used organic production methods and third-party organic certification services on 1. 35 million acres of farmland in 1997, according to an Economic Research Service (ERS) study. Crops were grown on about two-thirds of the certified U. S. organic farmland, and the rest was pasture. The ERS study analyzed data from 40 State and private certifiers (see box, p. 8, on organic standards and certification). Uncertified acreage was excluded, even though it may represent a large segment of organic production, because of the difficulty in determining the production criteria used by uncertified growers. ERS reports statistics on certified organic U. S. acreage in the Organic Farming and Marketing Briefing Room (www. ers. usda. gov/ briefing/organic). Organic farming has made deeper inroads in the fruit, vegetable, and other high-value specialty crop industries than in the major grain and oilseed industries. While less than two-tenths of 1 percent of the U. S.corn, soybean, and wheat crops were grown organically in 1997, over 1 percent of the dry peas and tomato crops and about 2 percent of the apple, grape, lettuce and carrot crops were organic. And nearly a third of the U. S. herb and â€Å"mixed vegetable† crops were grown organically in 1997. (A â€Å"mixed vegetable† crop is a mixture of numerous horticultural crops (mostly vegetables) grown on a small farm or parcel. ) The markets for organic vegetables, fruits, and herbs have been developing for decades in the United States, and these crops are grown organically in more States than any other type of commodity. State and private certifying groups certified over 180,000 acres of these crops in 44 States in 1997, more than double the amount certified in 1994, with the biggest gains for cultivated and wild-harvested herbs such as St. John’s Wort. About 2 percent of the major fruit and vegetable crops—apples, carrots, lettuce, and grapes—were grown organically, and a third of the organic vegetable acreage was devoted to producing â€Å"mixed vegetables† in 1997. Mixed vegetable farms, as defined in the census of agriculture, are small farms—less than 50 acres—that produce a large number of vegetables. Large farms produce processing tomatoes, organic wine grapes, and other high-value crops on a commercial scale, while numerous small farms still specialize in mixed vegetable production for direct marketing to consumers and restaurants. The top producer of organic fruits and vegetables was California, followed by Arizona, Florida, Texas, and Washington. About a third of the total certified organic vegetable acreage in 1997 was for mixed vegetables. In 1997, U. S. farmers certified nearly 3,000 acres of organic mixed vegetables on farms or parcels that were 5 acres or less, and over 14,000 acres on farms and parcels over 5 acres. New York organic producers had over 1,400 acres in the 5-acres-or-less category. Mixed vegetable producers often target farmers markets, community-supported agriculture subscriptions, restaurants, and other direct marketing outlets. Organic farmers are also growing major grains and oilseeds on a small portion of the planted area in the United States. Wheat was produced under certified organic farming systems on over 125,000 acres in 1997, corn was grown on over 42,000 acres, and soybeans were produced on about 82,000 acres. Other field crops produced organically in 1997 include barley, oats, sorghum, rice, spelt, millet, buckwheat, rye, dry peas, lentils, dry beans, flax, and sunflowers. Organic acreage of these crops, especially soybeans, has undoubtedly increased since 1997. Thirty-nine States had certified organic hay and silage production, with most acreage in Idaho, Wisconsin, and New York. Acreage of these crops expanded 51 percent between 1995 and 1997 as the number of certified organic milk cows more than doubled during that period. Organic meat and poultry markets have lagged behind those for crops partly because meat and poultry could not be labeled as organic until February 1999, when a provisional label was approved by USDA. Food crops and non-meat animal foods (eggs and dairy products) are regulated by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration, which allowed food packages to carry an organic label throughout the 1990s. 2 While the number of certified organic beef cows, hogs, sheep, and lambs declined during the study period (1992-97), the number of dairy cows and layer hens increased sharply. The market for organic meat products is beginning to grow now that organic labeling is permitted, and the growing market for organic milk and eggs has been pushing up the use of certified organic pasture and the demand for certified organic grains and oilseeds. Farmers and ranchers raised a small number of certified organic cows, hogs, and sheep in 23 States in 1997. Dairy cows were raised organically in 13 States in 1997, and New York, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were the top three producers. The number of certified organic milk cows in the United States nearly tripled between 1992 and 1994 and more than doubled between 1994 and 1997. California was the leader in organic poultry production, followed by New York and Virginia. Other organic animal specialties, including goats, fish, and colonies of bees, were certified in several States. Consumption Characteristics of the U. S. Organic Sector A number of academic and industry studies have been conducted to examine consumer behavior and identify their motivation for purchasing organic foods. Many of the industry studies use consumer surveys, which seek to identify how often consumers purchase organic food, their motivations for purchasing organic food, and demographic data on organic food purchasers. University studies have adopted different approaches to assess consumer buying behavior and to identify which characteristics (for example, income, food quality, educational level, concern for the environment, or family size) affect whether consumers will purchase organic food. Several industry groups have surveyed consumers about their preferences and buying habits for organic food. The results of the different surveys are not always consistent. The Nutrition Business Journal reported that 11 percent of consumers purchased some organic food in 2000, and less than 2 percent are regular purchasers. Results of the Hartman Group’s 2000 survey suggest that 3 percent of consumers regularly buy organic products. The Walnut Acres Survey (2001) found that 63 percent of respondents purchased organic food at least sometimes, and 57 percent of the purchasers had been doing so for at least 3 years. The Food Marketing Institute’s survey (2001) found that 66 percent of surveyed shoppers bought organically grown foods. In 2001, the Food Marketing Institute’s survey indicated that 37 percent of shoppers said they purchased organically grown food to maintain their health; and 44 percent of these shoppers had purchased organic food in the past 6 months. Consumers surveyed by the Hartman Group (2000) gave the following reasons for purchasing organic food: health and nutrition (66 percent), taste (38 percent), environment (26 percent), and availability (16 percent). 3 The Fresh Trends (2001) survey revealed that 12 percent of the shoppers surveyed reported that whether a product is organic is a primary factor in their purchasing decision. Sixty-three percent of the respondents of the Walnut Acres Survey believed that organic food and beverages were better for them and were more healthful than their conventional counterparts. Fresh Trends (1996, 1998, 2000, 2002) found little difference between the purchasing habits of men and women. Over the years, Fresh Trends found that, of the shoppers that had purchased organic produce in the previous 6 months, more purchased vegetables than fruit (according to the 1996 survey, 24 percent purchased fruit and 84 percent purchased vegetables; according to the 2000 survey, 35 percent purchased vegetables). Apples and tomatoes led the list of fruit and vegetables purchased by the shoppers surveyed by Fresh Trends. According to the Hartman Survey (2000), the top 10 organic products purchased were strawberries, lettuce, carrots, other fresh fruit, broccoli, apples, other fresh vegetables, grapes, bananas, and potatoes. The Hartman survey also suggested that fruits and vegetables were â€Å"gateway categories† (typically the first organic products purchased by consumers). The Walnut Acres Survey (2002) indicated that 68 percent of consumers revealed that price is the main reason they did not purchase organic food. Academic researchers have taken a slightly different tack in studying organic consumers by complementing surveys with statistical analysis to depict the typical consumer. Some studies reveal conflicting results, most likely because of the different methodological approaches. Consumers considered the following factors important when purchasing fresh produce: price, size and packaging, whether the item is on sale, and whether the item is organic (Estes and Smith). Age, gender, and having a college degree had little impact on a shopper’s decision to buy organic produce (Thompson and Kidwell). Consumers with higher incomes and higher levels of education are willing to pay more for organic potatoes (Loureiro and Hine), while consumers with advanced degrees are less likely to buy organic produce (Thompson and Kidwell). Appearance of fresh produce mattered, and the larger the number of cosmetic defects, the less likely would an organic product be purchased (Estes and Smith, Thompson and Kidwell). One picture of the typical organic shopper is a younger household in which females do the shopping; smaller and higher income households are the most likely purchasers of organic produce (Govindasamy and Italia) and organic apples (Loureiro et al. ). Households knowledgeable about alternative agriculture are more likely to purchase organic produce (Govindasamy and Italia) and those concerned about the environment are more likely to purchase organic apples (Loureiro et al. ). Those concerned about food safety are more likely to buy organic produce (Govindasamy and Italia) and organic apples (Loureiro et al. ). Those who enjoy trying new products are more likely to purchase organic produce (Govindasamy and Italia). Households with children under 18 are more likely to purchase organic produce (Thompson and Kidwell) and organic apples (Loureiro et al. ). Consumers with children are willing to pay less for organic potatoes (Loureiro and Hine) and more likely than other households to purchase organic apples (Loureiro et al. ). Strategies to increase purchases of organic food include shelf-labeling, which had a mixed effect on sales in an upscale grocery store but a significantly positive effect on sales of dairy products, pasta, bread, cereal, and carrots in a discount retailer in the Minneapolis and St. Paul markets (Reicks, Splett, and Fishman). The recent addition of organic food sales to scanner data, by AC Neilson and Information Resources, Inc. , has made possible econometric studies of consumer demand for organic food. Frozen organic vegetables, organic milk, and organic baby food all exhibited high price elasticity of demand, meaning that the quantity purchased responds greatly to price changes (that is, quantity purchased increases by more than 1 percent when prices fall by 1 percent) (Glaser and Thompson, 1999, 2000; Thompson and Glaser, 2001). For some frozen vegetables, there was little crossover between purchases of organic and conventional products, so that changes in prices of either commodity had no significant impact on quantities purchased (Glaser and Thompson 1999). For other products (milk and baby food), the conventional and organic products are substitutes, so that increases in the price of the conventional product result in consumers’ purchasing a greater quantity of the organic products (Glaser and Thompson, 2000; Thompson and Glaser, 2001). The Marketing Chain: From Farm to Market Food passes through many hands as it moves from farm to consumer. Some foods are fresh when delivered (apples and eggs) while others are processed before delivery (pasta and bread). Regardless of whether they are fresh or processed, higher quality products and products with unique attributes (such as organic foods) generally have a higher selling price. As a result, farmers have a strong incentive to produce and sell commodities with quality and other price-enhancing attributes intact. Yet, since most foods pass through a number of intermediaries as they move from the farm to the consumer, maintaining premium product integrity along the marketing chain can sometimes be a challenge. To do so, each agent along the marketing chain must begin by moving the product to the next agent quickly. Farmers need to sell their perishable commodities immediately after harvesting, while distributors, brokers, and wholesalers need to get fresh products to retailers as quickly as possible. Retailers want to be able to purchase a consistent and large enough supply of a wide variety of uniform quality fresh food. Consumers want to be able to buy a wide variety of fresh food that is both high quality and low priced. Organic food consumers, in particular, want to feel confident that they are buying food that not only was grown organically, but also has kept its organic integrity at each stage in its journey to the market. Each commodity, depending in large part on whether it is fresh or processed, follows an individualized path from farm to market. Because fresh foods rapidly deteriorate, they must be delivered to the market quickly. The storage and transportation systems along the way must provide the proper temperature and other conditions that help maintain freshness. Processed foods, on the other hand, have a longer shelf life—but the products that go into them must be harvested at the right time, delivered at the right time and satisfy the processor’s quality requirements. In the next sections, we trace the production and marketing chains for the major organic commodities in the United States, noting applicable regulations as well as observed marketing trends.