Poetry + The Prophet by Khalil Gibran Flashcard

Poetry + The Prophet by Khalil Gibran

40 Social Media Marketing Tips Every Marketer Should Know

40 Social Media Marketing Tips Every Marketer Should Know Ever feel like social media marketing can be, well, overwhelming? Believe us, we get it. Its a fast-moving industry, and with so much to learn and do, its easy to feel like youre falling behind. Thats why weve pulled together this list of our top 40 social media marketing tips. Its your easily skimmable go-to guide  thats full of actionable advice you can implement right now. Plus, weve included 12 free templates, guides, and infographics to help you put this advice into action. Add this page to your bookmarks and start learning! 40 Social Media Marketing Tips Every Marketer Needs To KnowGet Your Social Media Marketing Template Bundle Get more done with 12 free different templates! Heres everything your bundle includes: Social Media Content Calendar Template: Keep track of every social media post your team needs to publish. Best Times to Post on Social Media Infographic with the best times to post on every channel. Guide To LinkedIn Marketing Infographic: Packed full of stats about your favorite networking channel. Social Media Budget Template: To disperse and keep track of funding. Social Media ROI Report Template: that will walk you through how to use Google Analytics to find out how much money youre making for every post you publish. Facebook Marketing Strategy Template: To break down how youre going to use one of the worlds most popular social networks. Social Media Competitive Analysis Template: To observe and record your competitors strategies. Social Media Report Template: To track and prove how well your teams efforts are working. Social Media Proposal Template: To help you format your services and convince clients to work with your team. Social Media Strategy Guide: To help your team develop a plan of action for your social networks. How Often to Post on Social Media Infographic: that breaks down the best practices for publishing content on each social channels. Social Media Policy Template: To help outline social network expectations for your employees and deal with an emergency situation.Table of Contents Effective Facebook Marketing Tips To Get Traffic Build Traffic With These Twitter Marketing Tips Google+ Marketing Tips To Build Traffic Build Your Brand With These Instagram Marketing Tips Pinterest Marketing Tips To Get More Traffic Build Traffic With These LinkedIn Marketing Tips DID YOU KNOW: It's easy to plan, execute, and measure all your social media campaigns on one marketing calendar using ? Start your free 14-day trial or schedule a demo today. Effective Facebook Marketing Tips 1. Optimize Your Profile Picture and Cover Photo The first step for any marketing team using Facebook is creating an optimized profile picture and cover photo. Your profile picture should be: A high-resolution photo of your company's logo. Sized down to a 180px x 180px square. Still be recognizable viewing it on a mobile or tablet device. Remember your profile picture is the first thing that your audience sees in their newsfeed. Your logo should still be distinguishable in a small size. Your cover photo should be: Within the same theme as your profile picture. Should tell a more comprehensive story about who your organization is. This could be through taglines, product photos more. Sized correctly to allow your audience to see the full photo. Right now the optimum size for a cover photo (or video) on Facebook is 815px x 215px. Recommended Reading: The Best Guide to Social Media Image Sizes Every Marketer Needs 2. Fill Out Your Facebook Bio There are no shortcuts when it comes to your social media marketing.  That means you need to fill out your Facebook bio. A business's Facebook bio is broken into multiple parts including: About Section The first part of your Facebook profile is easy to fill out. It should include your company name, when your organization was founded, a phone number and email for people to contact you and a link to your website. Additional Information There is a section in your Facebook profile that will allow you to give your audience more information about your organization. This part of your bio should include a short "About Us" paragraph, a founding date, and information about the products and services your company offers. You can also add information on your privacy policy and any awards your company has received: Story Section The final part of your bio should include a story. The story section allows you to go in-depth about what makes your organization tick. You can break down product information, go deeper into how your company got started or add anything else that you think your audience needs to know when they're first learning about your organization: Here's how to optimize your business's #Facebook page.3. Set a Consistent Posting Schedule Consistently posting to your Facebook page helps get your audience into a rhythm. If they see that you share new content on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays at noon, it will help remind them to check in. According to 14 different studies, you should be posting to Facebook at least once per day: 4. Schedule Your Posts at the Optimum Time Facebook's algorithm makes it difficult for companies to reach their full audience because newsfeeds are continually reshuffling content and limiting the organic reach of your company's post. To maximize the life of your content, you should schedule your posts to publish at the best time. According to our research, we found that scheduling your posts at 9 am, 1 pm and 3 pm will give your content the best chance at attracting more eyeballs: You can either manually schedule your social media posts to send at the best times, or you can use the Best Time Scheduling feature in to publish your posts at the best time automatically: To use Best Time Scheduling, craft a social post in your calendar: Then scroll down to the bottom of your post and select  Best Time  from the drop-down menu: It's that easy. Did you know @can auto-publish all your social posts at the best times?5. Use Video To Attract Your Audience Tons of advice try and tell you what the best content type is for posting on Facebook. It ranges between images, videos, and links. Here's the truth. As of 2017 videos are the most reliable type of content that your team can publish. Why? Because the current Facebook algorithm pushes them to the top of your audience's newsfeed. Let's not forget Facebook just launched "Facebook Watch" a host platform that allows users to upload video series instead of only stand-alone videos: Introducing Watch Posted by Facebook on Wednesday, August 9, 2017 In a nutshell, your team needs to: Start with a big idea: What topic are your videos going to be centered around? Plan your shooting schedule and write your script. Create a video distribution schedule. Define your publishing and promotion schedule. Recommended Reading: How to Do Facebook Video Marketing the Right Way 6. Use Facebook Advertising To Boost The Reach of Your Posts If you want to guarantee you'll have eyeballs on your content you need to use Facebook advertising and boosted posts. Those eyeballs don't come cheap, and it's up to your social team to determine how much money you're willing to spend to get your posts in front of people. Check out this video from Hubspot to see how Facebook advertising works: If your team decides that Facebook advertising is the way to go, you'll need to: Determine your target audience. Set a budget. Create guidelines for what types of content you're going to boost. Set goals and choose metrics that will determine the success of your boosted posts. Recommended Reading: How to Set SMART Marketing Goals 7. Target The Right Audience Using Facebook's In-App Targeting Features Did you know that you can control who sees your ads based on their demographics? Facebook offers a feature that allows you to create a target demographic and push your content onto their feeds. Before this feature, you used to have to manually create your targeted ad demographics every time you wanted to publish a new ad. Now you can segment your audience and deliver the right content and the right time to help drive your customers deeper into your marketing funnel. Here's a quick video that walks you through how to set up your audiences: You can also use to create custom target audiences straight from the app. To do this start by creating a Facebook message in your calendar by clicking the  +  sign inside a date and select  Social Message: Click the target in the lower left-hand corner and begin selecting the demographics that you want your intended audience to be filtered by: Save your target audience to use on future posts by selecting  +Save Current As Preset. Title your target audience sample and click apply: will take care of the rest. Recommended Reading: 35 Facebook Marketing Tips to Drive Better Results Right Now Back To Table Of Contents Use These Twitter Marketing Tips To Get More Done 8. How To Use Hashtags On Twitter Correctly Hashtags make it easier for your audience to find your content and since Twitter is the birthplace of hashtags, you'll want to use them correctly. Hashtags fall into three categories: Branded: These are hashtags that are specific to your organization. Industry: These hashtags focus on industry topics and trends. Trending: These hashtags are centered around news related topics and will change quickly. Our advice? Mix up the types of hashtags you use in your posts and stick to using 1–2 hashtags  per tweet. If you're looking to do some hashtag research check out these sources: Hashtags.org Twubs.com Tagdef.com Hashtagify 9. Keep Your Messages Short Twitter may have just extended the length of a tweet to 280 characters but just because you have that space doesn't mean you should use it. According to our research, the best length for a tweet is 103 characters. However, this research was conducted before Twitter expanded its character limit. That means that your posts should be: Concise: Get straight to the point of what you want to say. Clear: Does what you're trying to say make sense? Conversational: Your tweets should encourage your audience to engage with you. Here are some other tips to follow when you're crafting your Twitter messages: Recommended Reading: https://.com/blog/social-media-content-creation/ 10. Don't Automate Your Direct Messages (Ever) My biggest pet peeve is when I follow someone on Twitter, and almost immediately my inbox goes off, and a canned message appears thanking me for following said person. Automated direct messages come across as impersonal, annoying and lazy. You don't want your organization to be any of those things. If you want to reach out to a new Twitter follower, be sincere about it. Try using this template to start: "Hi, [Username]. We noticed that you just started following us on Twitter. We wanted to say thank you. If you need anything, reach out and let us know." 11. Use GIFs Wisely The latest "thing" that companies are creating to get people to interact with them is to write a random relatable quote and slap a GIF on it. While that may have worked the first five times, now every company out there is trying it and when you're already trying to stand out in a crowded feed, following what everyone else is doing will get you nowhere. If your team decides that GIFs will be a part of your Twitter strategy do the following: Decide what types of posts need to have a GIF. What types of GIFs are appropriate for your organization to use. How often your teams can use GIFs per day. When using a GIF is appropriate. 12. Post At The Best Times On Twitter The lifespan of a tweet is about 18 minutes. That means you have an 18-minute window to gather the most views on your content. How do you do that? You want to post at the times when your followers are on. Here is when to tweet in general to increase retweets and click-throughs: Around 5–6 p.m. Noon specifically 3 p.m. Best times to Tweet is around 5–6 p.m., around noon, and at 3 p.m. #marketing13. Use Twitter Lists To Help Curate Content Want to know one of the hacks to keeping up a steady stream of Twitter content? Curate content from your Twitter lists. A Twitter list is a list of users that a person has added into a specific group that will generate a feed of content from only those selected accounts. These are great for when you're following a bunch of thought leaders in your industry and need some awesome content to share in a hurry. If you want to learn how to create a Twitter list check out this video: Once you've created your lists you can scroll through those select feeds and begin to curate content. However, don't just read a headline and add the article or video to your publishing schedule. Follow these three steps before you add any content to your publishing schedule: Read the entire article. A headline does not tell you all the information that is included in the content. Take the time to actually read the content before you share it. Check to make sure that the information referenced is coming from a reliable source. It's easy to skim content and share it but if they information that you share with your followers isn't accurate it can damage your own creditability, so share wisely. Give credit to the content owners. No one likes having their worked swiped from them so be sure to give credit where credit is due. 14. Use Images To Grab People's Attention On Twitter Adding images and graphics to your tweets will get you 18% more clicks. When tweeting a link to your latest blog post, use one of the images from the post to help drive more clicks on the shared link. The image should relate directly to the subject of your blog post, which should help incentivize people to click. Here are some general guidelines for using images on Twitter: Make sure you use images in every  tweet. Stick to using images that are 440 x 220px Back To Table Of Contents Google+ Marketing Tips That Will Help You Get More Done 15. Create Headlines For Your Posts The more users notice your Google+ posts, the more likely they are to engage. Not only does adding a headline help your post stand out, but Google uses the first words of your Google + post to  help it stand out in the Google searches. Adding the right headline can help your post stand out in search results, and can greatly influence the number of people who both notice and click through to your content. –Cyrus Shepard, formerly of Moz Here is an example of a Google+ headline: 16. Use Big Images To Capture Your Audience's Attention Over at Quicksprout, Neil Patel said this about images: The bigger, the better! Take advantage of the technology in web design and monitors and use big and bold images. That's one great thing about Google +. You can take advantage of those big pictures. Here are a couple of general tips for using images effectively on Google+: Use images with the .png format rather than the .jpg format to make sure you have high clarity. Stick to using images that are 426 x 255px. 17. Post At The Best Times  On Google+ You are completely missing out on traffic to your content if you aren't posting at the best times for click-throughs. Here is when to post on Google+ for more click-throughs: 9 a.m. 11 a.m. 12–1  p.m. Best times to post on Google + is at 9 a.m., 11 a.m., and from 12-1 p.m. #marketing18. Use Communities To Build Traffic Blogger Tips Tricks  said, "Google Plus has highly active, close-knit communities which can give you massive exposure.  Some of these groups have more than 100K members and have high chances of getting significant traffic if you post valuable posts." So, if you aren't on Google+ Communities with a significant amount of members, you're missing out. This thorough step-by-step video will help when looking for Google+ Communities: 19. Create Circles With Your Connections Creating Circles with other people is a super easy way to grow your Google+ following base and bring traffic to your content. You can create circles for your work, groups you are a part of, location, industry, and even for your niche. Say you want to add someone to a circle. Press follow: You'll be able to pick which circle you want to add them to: Having connections in your circles will help you grow traffic  by creating relationships. 20. Create Collections To Help People Find Your Content Easier Having collections makes it easy to organize all your content. You can share your collections publicly, or you can keep them private. When you create your first few collections, you'll see this: Click Create a collection. Name your collection here. After naming your collection,  press Create: Then you will be brought here: When you click on the pen icon, you will  be able to write up your collection post, add a link, image, and even a video. Collections give your audience an excellent way to find more content on the topics they love. Back To Table Of Contents Instagram Marketing Tips To Boost Your Strategy 21. Switch Over to a Business Profile If your organization's Instagram profile isn't a business profile yet, you are missing out on potential data. Instagram business profiles allow your team to optimize your profile, add contact information and your website into the bio section making it much easier for your audience to interact and connect with you. To switch over to a business profile, click the setting on your Instagram page: Scroll down to  Switch to Business Profile: Flip the switch, and you're done. DID YOU KNOW: Once you have an account set up, you can schedule all your Instagram posts using ? See how here. 22. Keep Your Photos Styled Within One Color Scheme Keep your Instagram profile uniform by keeping your photos within one color scheme. Not only does keeping them in this palette make it easier for fans to recognize your photos it creates a more cohesive profile. From my own experiences, I can tell you that your photo IS important but so is the look of your Instagram feed as a whole. Creating a cohesive feed helps bring the tone of your brand across without having to say a word (literally). How do you know what type of color scheme to use? Use the color scheme that is consistent with your brand. That means that you can pull colors from your logo or other branding materials. You may need to pull out your branding book or talk with your designers to find out what those colors are. If you don't have your branding developed yet think about the tone that you want your brand to convey. If you're a fashion and style brand use bold bright colors like Instagram user @rclayton: Her fashion-forward feed is full of bright, electric colors that complement bold fashion choices. Together those colors convey a sense of confidence which is on point with her personal brand. Recommended Reading: How to Build Social Media Branding Guidelines to Make Your Brand Memorable 23. Choose One Filter and Stick With It Like we've already mentioned, consistency in your content is key to a successful Instagram feed. Another way to keep your feed consistent is picking one filter and sticking with it. If you have a design team at your disposal, you may not even need a filter. If you do decide to choose a filter the first thing that you need to do is determine the aesthetic of your brand. Do you want your photos to have more of a grunge feel or a light and airy feel? Using your branding guide, look for the keywords that describe your brand. Bundle them into a group of three and experiment with different filters to find the one that you and your team believe best convey's the intended aesthetic. 24. Include an Optimal Number of Hashtags Hashtags are a big part of Instagram's posts because it allows photos and video content to become searchable on the channel. Unlike Twitter, your Instagram post has a lot more room to breath, but that doesn't mean you should go hashtag happy on every post. Too much of something is not always a good thing. Our research found that 11 is the optimum number of hashtags that you should add to a post to help encourage people to interact with it: If you're struggling to figure out what types of hashtags to add to your post try a different mix of industry, branded and trending (when applicable) hashtags. Try using a mix of #hashtags in your #social #media posts.25. Experiment With Your Posting Times Ask anyone about the best times to post on Instagram, and you'll probably get a variety of answers from 2 in the morning to later in the evening around 5 pm. What if we told you it was all of them? Active hours for your audience will vary so experiment with your posting times to see when you can garner the most reactions. Our research suggests trying: 2 am. (Unless you like sleep in which case, sleep). Between 8 am and 9 am. After 5 pm. Recommended Reading: What 20 Studies Say About the Best Times to Post on Social Media 26. Utilize The Multi-Image Feature To Stand Out In A Crowd As of February 2017, Instagram added: "Instagram Albums" or the ability to upload more than one photo to a post. Why is adding more than one photo such a game changer? It allows your team to expand on your initial post to tell a more extensive story. DID YOU KNOW: You can schedule multi-image posts in ? Learn how here. A few examples that you could utilize Instagram Albums for are: New Product Launches Instead of trying to choose one perfect photo to showcase a new product now you can show multiple angles and even use cases. Check out this example from Nike:   The incredibly soft, springy, light and long-lasting Nike Epic React is here. Get it at Nike.com before it goes. #NikeReact A post shared by nike (@nike) on Feb 22, 2018 at 7:15am PST Event Recaps Using Instagram Albums can be a great way to recap an event your organization hosted or attended. Homecoming events are a great thing to recap in an album. Check out this example from Concordia College in Moorhead, Minn.: We had to shut down all of 8th street to fit all of the Cobber pride! ðŸÅ' ½Ã°Å¸â€˜  #cordmn #rollcobbs A post shared by Concordia College (@concordia_mn) on Sep 30, 2017 at 10:20am PDT Recommended Reading: https://.com/blog/instagram-marketing-strategy/ 27. Utilize Instagram Stories To Stand Out In The App Instagram Stories is the Snapchat copycat that launched on the platform a little more than a year ago. These short ten second videos are broadcasted right to the top of your fan's feed like this: Instagram Stories can be used in a variety of different ways like: Showing behind the scenes content. Showcasing culture moments for your organization. Live demonstrations of how to use your product. The best part is that Instagram Stories go straight to the top of the app and you can add as many photos and videos as you want without having to worry about spamming your followers. Here's a quick video that shows you how to use Instagram Stories: Pinterest Marketing Tips To Get Sh*t Done 28. Pin At The Best Times Like Twitter, Pinterest is overflowing with content. That constant stream of content can make it hard to stand out which is why posting your pins at the right time will help them gain traction. Our research has shown that the following times are the optimum   periods to publish pins: From 8–11 p.m. (There is a 9 p.m. peak!) Around 2–4 a.m. and from 2–4 p.m. And last but not least 1–3 p.m.Best times to Pin on #Pinterest is at 8–11 p.m., 2–4 a.m., 2–4 p.m., and at 1–3 p.m.29. Use  Long Visuals On Pinterest To Capture Your Audience's Attention The most successful image size for Pinterest images and graphics are  long visuals. Here are a few tips for visuals on Pinterest: Make sure you link to content on your blog or website so you can convert the traffic. Stick to using images that are 600 x 1102px. Make sure that the content you add to the pin is easy to read and digest. These need to be skimmable images after all. 30. Use Keywords In Your Pin Descriptions Pinterest is a heavy keyword site meaning that if you target keywords in your pin descriptions, your pin will surface when that particular keyword is searched. To start, consult your SEO content strategy. If you've centered your content around keywords that your audience is looking for you should already know the keywords to add to your content. Pull the top ten keywords that your audience searches for and start to create content descriptions with those keywords. It's easier to think of your pin descriptions as mini meta-descriptions. In our research, we found that descriptions that were about 215 characters performed best: 31. Pay Attention To What Is Trending On Pinterest To Bring In Traffic Utilizing trending topics on Pinterest can help give your pins a little extra boost. Click on the icon next to the search bar. Then trending topics will populate in the bar below: Although trending topics can be a great way to give your pins an extra boost, don't throw your pins into a trending topic unless it makes sense for it to be there. Let's face it; it would be weird if your blog infographic showed up in a list of maternity photos. 32. Link Your Pins Back To Your Website Linking your pins back to your website is important because without that backlink your audience can't find you. Sure they could Google you, but people are lazy (myself included). Make it easy to find you. You can check your Pins to make sure they lead back to a website page by hovering over your Pin. Scroll down to  Website: If the website link is blank, you need to place a URL link there. Press Save. This might seem like a small, time-consuming step, but it's important to do a comprehensive sweep through your pinned content to make sure your pins are directing traffic to your blog or content elsewhere on the web. 33. Promote Your Pins Let's say your content is producing a ton of traffic and more than half is coming from Pinterest. Wouldn't you want to boost that pin to gain even more traffic? Promoted pins are easy to use. To promote a pin go to the left-hand side of your Pinterest profile and click  Ads. You can select a variety of different ads depending on what you want your end goal to be: For this example, we're going to promote a pin that increases traffic. Click  Create Campaign: From there Pinterest will walk you through how to set up a pin including creating a target audience, choosing target keywords, setting ad spend and more: Finally, you'll select your pin, and your campaign will start running. Easy right? 34. Design Infographics That People Want To Read Infographics are the heart and soul of Pinterest. They're visually stimulating and highly informative which makes them a sharing goldmine. But, only if they're done correctly. There are seven steps that you need to follow in order to create Pinterest-worthy infographics: Recommended Reading: https://.com/blog/how-to-make-an-infographic/ Back To Table Of Contents Maximize Your Presence With These LinkedIn Marketing Tips 35. Make A Great First Impression With A Completed LinkedIn Profile Your business wants to make a substantial first impression on LinkedIn. People are searching for a solution, and they shouldn't have to go through the extra work of having to click to your website to find out more about you. So what does a completed profile look like? A Concise About Us Description Your "About Us" description needs to be concise enough to skim but thorough enough to answer the question "What do you do and what can you do for me?" List Need To Know Company Details The next and last part of your bio should include details like where your company is located, a web address and specialties that your organization works in: Recommended Reading:  https://.com/blog/linkedin-marketing-strategy/ 36. Build Traffic By Creating Your Own LinkedIn Group Creating a group is another way to build traffic on LinkedIn. To form your group, you must: Choose a niche and specialty category that you'd like to focus on. Write up your group description. Be sure to include the name of your target market and your group's category. Monitor and manage your group. You want your group to be a clean atmosphere for people in your industry to come and chat about what you all enjoy. That means keeping a steady stream of content so be prepared to throw in articles, white papers, podcast links and more those first few weeks to keep the discussion going. Beware of people who are sharing their content merely to get a few extra page views. If the content is relevant to the discussion, by all means, leave it in. However, you don't want other group members to get spammed by content so monitor your page daily if you can. 37. Always Share Engaging Content To Build Trust There are a bunch of things that go into writing engaging messages. Make sure you have these in mind when you're writing: Write about something your audience will enjoy. Get to the point. Share your content often. When you share content filled with actionable and helpful information you are building trust with your audience. ...the next step is to stay top of mind by sharing great content that delivers on-going value to your audience. - JoAnne Funch 38. Capture The Attention Of Your Audience With Images According to Neil Patel, attaching images to your content adds 98 comments. By capturing the attention of your audience, you're able to hook them into your content and engage with them. Here are LinkedIn's golden image rules: Do your images have a personal touch? Make sure your images are 531 px wide. 39. Post At The Best Times On LinkedIn We've found that LinkedIn posts receive the bulk of their likes, comments and reach potential within 2 hours of it's posting. To maximize that potential you need to post when your audience is online. When to post on LinkedIn for the most click-throughs: 5–6 p.m. 7–8 a.m. 12 p.m. Best times to post on LinkedIn are at 5–6 p.m., 7–8 a.m., and at 12 p.m. #Marketing40. Publish Content On LinkedIn Pulse To Get More Eyes On Your Content Publish posts to LinkedIn Pulse by pressing Publish a post. (You may republish things you've published elsewhere as long  as it is your original content that you own the rights to.) Add a headline: Once you publish your post, it will appear as a long-form post. Sharing posts on LinkedIn will help build you engage with your audience and direct traffic back to your blog by including  a strong CTA. After you finish writing your post, put your bio at the bottom and link back to your website. Back To Table Of Contents Now You're Ready To Build Traffic With Social Media Marketing Tips You now know the social media marketing tips it takes to build traffic to your blog, website,  and social media profiles. If you can take one of these 40 social media marketing tips and put it into practice, you've got what it takes to conquer the world when it comes to marketing on social media.

Paramedic Science (Medical) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Paramedic Science (Medical) - Essay Example The area deprived of blood supply is said to have suffered ischemic injury. The ischemic injury, if severe enough to cause the complete block of oxygen and nutrients causes death of the heart tissue, which is termed as Myocardial Infarction (Guyton et al 200, Ganong 2005). The blood vessels supplying the heart are called coronary arteries. There are three main coronary arteries which supply different areas of heart along with their branches. These are 1) Right coronary artery, 2) Left anterior descending artery, 3) Left circumflex artery. Above 90% cases of myocardial infarction occur as a result of coronary artery blockage, thus the disease is also referred to as coronary artery disease (CAD). The most common and dangerous cause of coronary artery obstruction, and thus MI is Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis refers to the narrowing of arteries because of accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are basically thrombi composed of lipid foam cells (cholesterol) and differe nt cell components including smooth muscle, macrophages and collagen fibres. In most instances, the ischemic myocardial infarction is precipitated by the phenomenon called acute plaque change. Acute plaque change results from the rupture of pre-existing thrombi that partially occlude the lumen. The rupture exposes the underlying thrombogenic endothelium. The plaques are also termed as vulnerable plaques as they contain lipids in high amounts, along with collagen fibres and inflammatory cells. When ruptured, the reactivity of these components causes the inflammatory destabilization and result in the infarction (Libby P 2001). The acute phase reactant, C reactive protein (CRP) is thus found to be high during the acute myocardial infarction (Blake et al 2003). The infarction can occur in either of the two patterns, complete occlusion of a single coronary artery referred to as transmural infarct, which results in complete ischemia of the area supplied by that particular coronary artery. Subendocardial infarcts on the other hand occlude the arteries incompletely, and thus allow some perfusion. But since subendocardium is the least perused area of the myocardium, it is more prone to ischemic death. The aim of reperfusion is to save the viable muscle from necrosis (Huber et al 1996). The myocardial injury is reversible for up to 30 minutes after the ischemic attack, thereafter the injury becomes irreversible. The entire muscle becomes necrotic within six hours, if the collateral arteries are not well developed (Robbins et al 2005, Mohan 2007). The development of atherosclerotic plaques and pathogenesis of the process into the myocardial infarction is a complex one. It is a chronic disease taking years to evolve before it causes any modifiable consequences. The evolvement is subtle and the resultant damage is severe. The pathogenesis of the disease involves several factors. The balance among these factors in the long run determines the outcome of the condition. These factors can either be modifiable or non-modifiable. The modifiable factors are the ones that a person can control by bringing about certain changes. They include controlling the level of fats in diet, cessation of smoking, regular exercise and maintaining the blood pressure in the normal range (Manson et al 1996). The hyperlipidemias, i.e. elevated low density lipoproteins and

Military Regimes in African Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Military Regimes in African Countries - Essay Example The discussions will entail logical arguments behind the various military regimes that have occurred in Africa. The paper will give an analysis of the various military regimes that have taken place in Africa since independence to modern days. Introduction The focus on military regimes can be traced to the period after 1950 when most African countries gained independence. There was a considerable increase in the number of military coups during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. During this period, a large number of military regimes emerged all over the world. In 1979, fourteen military regimes rose to power in sub-Saharan Africa. Besides the military regimes in Sub-saharan Africa, other regimes held power in Latin America, North Africa, Arab states, South East Asia and East Asia (Falola 2002, p. 235) Because of the tremendous rise of African military regimes, political scientists, historians, sociologists, and economists had a keen interest in studying this form of government. Africa witnessed seventy-one military coups between 1950 and 1990. Since African nations gained independence, a number of military regimes have overthrown the ruling civilian regimes. The military coups replace the government and introduce military rule. In most instances, the military leaders, who take over governance, introduce dictatorial rules (Kieh & Agbese 2004, p. 20). Some of the famous military coups that have taken place in Africa include the Ghanaian coup in 1966, Libyan military coup in 1969 led by Muammar Gaddafi and the Ugandan coup in 1971 led by Idi Amin. Gaddafi led a group of young Libyan military officers in a bloodless coup that saw the overthrowing of King Idris I. In Uganda, Idi Amin succeeded in ending the rule of Milton Obote. Other military coups have happened in countries such as Nigeria, Congo, Togo, among others (Baynham 1986, p. 38). Rating performance of military regimes in Africa Military coups in Africa can be explained by general factors applicable to the entire cont inent. A keen look at the past military coups indicates a common trend in military coups. Almost all countries in Africa that have had military coups seem to have the same reasons for the eruption of the military coups. From 1960 to 1970, a number of African nations witnessed military coups. Historians have regarded this period as a decade of coups in Africa (Kieh & Agbese 2004, p. 22). Once a coup erupted in one country, it became a phenomenon in other nations. Coups swept across the entire African continent at an alarming rate. Based on this, the rise of military regimes in Africa emerges from general factors applicable to the entire continent. The paper will now focus on the factors that have led to the rise of military regimes in Africa. In an attempt to preserve authority, states have embraced the use of coercion. As a result, some government institutions play the role of enhancing coercion. This reality has significantly directed debates surrounding politics in postcolonial Af rica. The government needs coercive agencies, such as the police and military, which should be obedient to political leaders. However, this has not succeeded in Africa. In many instances, the military has used violent means to initiate coup d’etats. This is a contradiction since the military should manage violence on behalf of the state (Thomson 2010, p. 135). A notable factor responsible for military coups in A

Organic certification Essay Example for Free

Organic certification Essay Marketplace Characteristics of U. S. Organic Sector The U. S. organic food industry crossed a threshold in 2000: for the first time, more organic food was purchased in conventional supermarkets than in any other venue. Industry estimates suggest that nearly half of the $7. 8 billion spent on organic food in 2000 was purchased in conventional retail outlets. Organic products are now available in nearly 20,000 natural foods stores (Natural Foods Merchandiser), and are sold in 73 percent of all conventional grocery stores (Food Marketing Institute). Growing consumer demand for organic products has been manifested in the market in many ways. Acreage of certified organic farmland is increasing to meet growing consumer demand. According to the most recent USDA estimates, U. S. certified organic cropland doubled between 1992 and 1997, to 1. 3 million acres. Preliminary estimates for 2001 suggest that certified organic acreage significantly increased between 1997 and 2001. From the consumer side, new products are being introduced rapidly. For example, over 800 new organic products were introduced in the first half of 2000. Desserts made up the majority of new products in 2000, while most new products introduced in 1999 were beverages (Myersand Rorie). The new U. S. Department of Agriculture standards for organic food, slated to be fully implemented by October 2002, are expected to facilitate further growth in the organic foods industry. The USDA standard defines organic production as â€Å"A production system that is managed in accordance with the [Organic Foods Production] Act and regulations in this part to respond to site-specific conditions by integrating cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity. † 1 The national organic standards address the methods, practices, and substances used in producing and handling crops, livestock, and processed agricultural products (see box). All agricultural products that are sold, labeled, or represented as organic must be in compliance with the regulations after October 2002. Organic food is sold to consumers through three main venues in the United States—natural foods stores, conventional grocery stores, and direct-to-consumer markets—and a small amount is exported to foreign markets. USDA does not have national statistics on organic retail sales. Industry sources have reported retail sales for organic food, but those data are fragmentary and, at times, inconsistent. A trade publication, the Natural Foods Merchandiser (NFM) reported estimates of total U. S. retail sales of organic foods for 1990 through 1996. NFM estimated total organic sales through all marketing outlets rose steadily from about $1 billion in 1990 to $3. 3 billion in 1996, the last year that total sales were reported. Since 1999, Packaged Facts, a market research firm, has been reporting organic food sales. According to Packaged Facts, organic food sales in all venues totaled $6. 5 billion in 1999 and $7. 8 billion in 2000. This increase continues the streak of industry growth equal to 20 percent or more annually since 1990. Purveyors of natural products were the primary sales force for organic food since the beginning of the organic food movement over half a century ago. Until 2000, the largest retail outlet for organic food was natural foods stores followed by direct markets (such as farmers markets), according to NFM data (fig. 1). In 2000, 49 percent of all organic products was sold in conventional supermarkets, 48 percent was sold in health and natural products stores, and 3 percent through direct-to-consumer methods (Packaged Facts). In contrast, in 1991, 7 percent of all organic products were sold in conventional supermarkets and 68 percent were sold in health and natural products stores (NFM). Fresh produce remains the top-selling organic category (see fig. 2), followed by nondairy beverages, breads and grains, packaged foods (frozen and dried prepared foods, baby food, soups, and desserts), and dairy products. During the 1990s, organic dairy was the most rapidly growing segment, with sales up over 500 percent between 1994 and 1999. Sales of organic yogurt and kefir increased 56. 4 percent between 1999 and 2000. Following closely, sales of nondairy beverages (for example, juice and soymilk) increased 53. 1 percent and sales of fresh produce grew by 51. 4 percent between 1999 and 2000, according to industry sources. Overall, according to Packaged Facts, organic sales in natural product supermarkets and conventional stores increased by 20 percent between 1999 and 2000. Organic farmers market their food directly to consumers much more frequently than conventional farmers do, and the last decade has seen a renaissance in the use of farmers markets across the country. Producers capture a much higher share of the consumer food dollar when they market their produce directly to consumers. Several surveys of certified organic producers show similar findings on theirheavy use of direct -to-consumer marketing. A 1997 survey of certified organic producers in the United States conducted by the Organic Farming Research Foundation (OFRF)—a California nonprofit group that sponsors research on organic farming—found that direct market use is extensive and varies by commodity sector, with fruits and vegetables the highest. Organic producers reported selling produce from about 23 percent of their vegetable acreage directly to consumers through on-farm sales (9 percent), farmers markets (8 percent), â€Å"community supported agriculture† subscriptions (4 percent), and other types of direct-toconsumer markets (2 percent). Also, produce from about 20 percent of the organic fruit and vegetable acreage was marketed directly to grocery retailers and restaurants. A 1994 USDA survey of certified organic vegetable producers in the United States found that the use of direct-toconsumer markets varied with farm size, with 60 percent of the growers with under 10 acres (three-quarters of the respondents) using this channel compared with 12 percent with 10 acres or more (Fernandez-Cornejo et al. ). Smaller growers tended to market directly to grocery retailers (11 percent versus 6 percent for larger growers) and through grower cooperatives (10 percent versus 3 percent for larger growers), while the larger growers marketed more heavily to vegetable packer/shippers, brokers, and food processors. Organically grown food is widely available in farmers markets across the United States, and organic-only farmers markets have been organized in Oregon, Illinois, Missouri, and other States. The renaissance in farmers markets in the United States during the 1990s—fostered by State and local municipalities wanting to revitalize neighborhoods and preserve regional farmland and open space— has been a boon to organic farmers who use this marketing outlet much more heavily than conventional farmers do. States are also producing directories of farm stands and pick-your-own farms, including organic directories, and developing logos like â€Å"Jersey Fresh† to promote locally grown food. Community-supported agriculture (CSA) is an innovative direct marketing arrangement that organic farmers have been pioneering in the United States for about a decade. Consumers subscribe to the harvest of a CSA farmer for the entire upcoming season, and pay for their produce in advance. Under a CSA arrangement, consumers share the production risks and variable harvests of the farmer— including especially abundant harvests—and sometimes participate in festivals and other social activities at the farm. Over 800 CSAs are currently listed in the U. S. database maintained by USDA and the Robyn Van En Center at Wilson College. Most of the CSA farms use organic production systems. Production Characteristics of U. S. Organic Sector A growing body of research in the United States has been devoted to the economics of organic production systems— its yields, input costs, income, profitability, and other economic characteristics. A 1990 review of the U. S. literature concluded that the â€Å"variation within organic and conventional farming systems is likely as large as the differences between the two systems† and found mixed results in the comparisons for most characteristics (Knoblauch, Brown, and Braster, 1990). Several more recent U. S. studies have indicated that organic price premiums are key in giving organic farming systems comparable or higher whole-farm profits than conventional chemical- intensive systems, particularly for crops like processed tomatoes and cotton (Klonsky and Livingston, 1994; Batte, Forster, and Hitzhusen, 1993; Assadian, Esparza, and Ponce, 1999). Other studies have found that organic systems may be more profitable than conventional systems, even without price premiums. For example, some Midwestern organic grain and soybean production was found to be more profitable than conventional systems, even without price premiums, due to higher yields in drier areas or periods, lower input costs, or crop mix (Welsh, 1999). Also, a recent study comparing organic and conventional apple production in California’s Central Coast showed higher yields as well as higher returns under the organic systems (Swezey et al. , 1994). And another recent study compared organic, conventional, and integrated apple production systems in Washington State over a 6-year period, and found that the organic system was more profitable, had similar yields, better tasting fruit, and was more environmentally sustainable and energy efficient than the other systems (Reganold et al. ). We are not aware of recently published research that finds farming with organic methods is less profitable than farming with conventional methods. Of course, net returns to various production systems may vary with biophysical and economic factors (such as soil type, climate, and proximity to markets), and a system that is optimal in one location may not be optimal in another. Also, factors not captured in standard profit calculations, such as convenience, longer-term planning horizons, and environmental ethics, can motivate rational adoption of a particular practice or farming system. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of the factors influencing net returns to organic farming systems. The promising results from the limited number of economic studies to date have led to an increase in research on organic farming systems. USDA, universities, and other U. S. institutions are increasingly examining the long-term economics of organic farming systems through replicated field trial research and a multidisciplinary systems approach. Most of these projects are less than a decade old, and promise to answer basic research questions about yields and profitability as well as to address farmer-defined management and production obstacles to the more widespread adoption of organic production systems. Farmers in 49 States used organic production methods and third-party organic certification services on 1. 35 million acres of farmland in 1997, according to an Economic Research Service (ERS) study. Crops were grown on about two-thirds of the certified U. S. organic farmland, and the rest was pasture. The ERS study analyzed data from 40 State and private certifiers (see box, p. 8, on organic standards and certification). Uncertified acreage was excluded, even though it may represent a large segment of organic production, because of the difficulty in determining the production criteria used by uncertified growers. ERS reports statistics on certified organic U. S. acreage in the Organic Farming and Marketing Briefing Room (www. ers. usda. gov/ briefing/organic). Organic farming has made deeper inroads in the fruit, vegetable, and other high-value specialty crop industries than in the major grain and oilseed industries. While less than two-tenths of 1 percent of the U. S.corn, soybean, and wheat crops were grown organically in 1997, over 1 percent of the dry peas and tomato crops and about 2 percent of the apple, grape, lettuce and carrot crops were organic. And nearly a third of the U. S. herb and â€Å"mixed vegetable† crops were grown organically in 1997. (A â€Å"mixed vegetable† crop is a mixture of numerous horticultural crops (mostly vegetables) grown on a small farm or parcel. ) The markets for organic vegetables, fruits, and herbs have been developing for decades in the United States, and these crops are grown organically in more States than any other type of commodity. State and private certifying groups certified over 180,000 acres of these crops in 44 States in 1997, more than double the amount certified in 1994, with the biggest gains for cultivated and wild-harvested herbs such as St. John’s Wort. About 2 percent of the major fruit and vegetable crops—apples, carrots, lettuce, and grapes—were grown organically, and a third of the organic vegetable acreage was devoted to producing â€Å"mixed vegetables† in 1997. Mixed vegetable farms, as defined in the census of agriculture, are small farms—less than 50 acres—that produce a large number of vegetables. Large farms produce processing tomatoes, organic wine grapes, and other high-value crops on a commercial scale, while numerous small farms still specialize in mixed vegetable production for direct marketing to consumers and restaurants. The top producer of organic fruits and vegetables was California, followed by Arizona, Florida, Texas, and Washington. About a third of the total certified organic vegetable acreage in 1997 was for mixed vegetables. In 1997, U. S. farmers certified nearly 3,000 acres of organic mixed vegetables on farms or parcels that were 5 acres or less, and over 14,000 acres on farms and parcels over 5 acres. New York organic producers had over 1,400 acres in the 5-acres-or-less category. Mixed vegetable producers often target farmers markets, community-supported agriculture subscriptions, restaurants, and other direct marketing outlets. Organic farmers are also growing major grains and oilseeds on a small portion of the planted area in the United States. Wheat was produced under certified organic farming systems on over 125,000 acres in 1997, corn was grown on over 42,000 acres, and soybeans were produced on about 82,000 acres. Other field crops produced organically in 1997 include barley, oats, sorghum, rice, spelt, millet, buckwheat, rye, dry peas, lentils, dry beans, flax, and sunflowers. Organic acreage of these crops, especially soybeans, has undoubtedly increased since 1997. Thirty-nine States had certified organic hay and silage production, with most acreage in Idaho, Wisconsin, and New York. Acreage of these crops expanded 51 percent between 1995 and 1997 as the number of certified organic milk cows more than doubled during that period. Organic meat and poultry markets have lagged behind those for crops partly because meat and poultry could not be labeled as organic until February 1999, when a provisional label was approved by USDA. Food crops and non-meat animal foods (eggs and dairy products) are regulated by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration, which allowed food packages to carry an organic label throughout the 1990s. 2 While the number of certified organic beef cows, hogs, sheep, and lambs declined during the study period (1992-97), the number of dairy cows and layer hens increased sharply. The market for organic meat products is beginning to grow now that organic labeling is permitted, and the growing market for organic milk and eggs has been pushing up the use of certified organic pasture and the demand for certified organic grains and oilseeds. Farmers and ranchers raised a small number of certified organic cows, hogs, and sheep in 23 States in 1997. Dairy cows were raised organically in 13 States in 1997, and New York, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were the top three producers. The number of certified organic milk cows in the United States nearly tripled between 1992 and 1994 and more than doubled between 1994 and 1997. California was the leader in organic poultry production, followed by New York and Virginia. Other organic animal specialties, including goats, fish, and colonies of bees, were certified in several States. Consumption Characteristics of the U. S. Organic Sector A number of academic and industry studies have been conducted to examine consumer behavior and identify their motivation for purchasing organic foods. Many of the industry studies use consumer surveys, which seek to identify how often consumers purchase organic food, their motivations for purchasing organic food, and demographic data on organic food purchasers. University studies have adopted different approaches to assess consumer buying behavior and to identify which characteristics (for example, income, food quality, educational level, concern for the environment, or family size) affect whether consumers will purchase organic food. Several industry groups have surveyed consumers about their preferences and buying habits for organic food. The results of the different surveys are not always consistent. The Nutrition Business Journal reported that 11 percent of consumers purchased some organic food in 2000, and less than 2 percent are regular purchasers. Results of the Hartman Group’s 2000 survey suggest that 3 percent of consumers regularly buy organic products. The Walnut Acres Survey (2001) found that 63 percent of respondents purchased organic food at least sometimes, and 57 percent of the purchasers had been doing so for at least 3 years. The Food Marketing Institute’s survey (2001) found that 66 percent of surveyed shoppers bought organically grown foods. In 2001, the Food Marketing Institute’s survey indicated that 37 percent of shoppers said they purchased organically grown food to maintain their health; and 44 percent of these shoppers had purchased organic food in the past 6 months. Consumers surveyed by the Hartman Group (2000) gave the following reasons for purchasing organic food: health and nutrition (66 percent), taste (38 percent), environment (26 percent), and availability (16 percent). 3 The Fresh Trends (2001) survey revealed that 12 percent of the shoppers surveyed reported that whether a product is organic is a primary factor in their purchasing decision. Sixty-three percent of the respondents of the Walnut Acres Survey believed that organic food and beverages were better for them and were more healthful than their conventional counterparts. Fresh Trends (1996, 1998, 2000, 2002) found little difference between the purchasing habits of men and women. Over the years, Fresh Trends found that, of the shoppers that had purchased organic produce in the previous 6 months, more purchased vegetables than fruit (according to the 1996 survey, 24 percent purchased fruit and 84 percent purchased vegetables; according to the 2000 survey, 35 percent purchased vegetables). Apples and tomatoes led the list of fruit and vegetables purchased by the shoppers surveyed by Fresh Trends. According to the Hartman Survey (2000), the top 10 organic products purchased were strawberries, lettuce, carrots, other fresh fruit, broccoli, apples, other fresh vegetables, grapes, bananas, and potatoes. The Hartman survey also suggested that fruits and vegetables were â€Å"gateway categories† (typically the first organic products purchased by consumers). The Walnut Acres Survey (2002) indicated that 68 percent of consumers revealed that price is the main reason they did not purchase organic food. Academic researchers have taken a slightly different tack in studying organic consumers by complementing surveys with statistical analysis to depict the typical consumer. Some studies reveal conflicting results, most likely because of the different methodological approaches. Consumers considered the following factors important when purchasing fresh produce: price, size and packaging, whether the item is on sale, and whether the item is organic (Estes and Smith). Age, gender, and having a college degree had little impact on a shopper’s decision to buy organic produce (Thompson and Kidwell). Consumers with higher incomes and higher levels of education are willing to pay more for organic potatoes (Loureiro and Hine), while consumers with advanced degrees are less likely to buy organic produce (Thompson and Kidwell). Appearance of fresh produce mattered, and the larger the number of cosmetic defects, the less likely would an organic product be purchased (Estes and Smith, Thompson and Kidwell). One picture of the typical organic shopper is a younger household in which females do the shopping; smaller and higher income households are the most likely purchasers of organic produce (Govindasamy and Italia) and organic apples (Loureiro et al. ). Households knowledgeable about alternative agriculture are more likely to purchase organic produce (Govindasamy and Italia) and those concerned about the environment are more likely to purchase organic apples (Loureiro et al. ). Those concerned about food safety are more likely to buy organic produce (Govindasamy and Italia) and organic apples (Loureiro et al. ). Those who enjoy trying new products are more likely to purchase organic produce (Govindasamy and Italia). Households with children under 18 are more likely to purchase organic produce (Thompson and Kidwell) and organic apples (Loureiro et al. ). Consumers with children are willing to pay less for organic potatoes (Loureiro and Hine) and more likely than other households to purchase organic apples (Loureiro et al. ). Strategies to increase purchases of organic food include shelf-labeling, which had a mixed effect on sales in an upscale grocery store but a significantly positive effect on sales of dairy products, pasta, bread, cereal, and carrots in a discount retailer in the Minneapolis and St. Paul markets (Reicks, Splett, and Fishman). The recent addition of organic food sales to scanner data, by AC Neilson and Information Resources, Inc. , has made possible econometric studies of consumer demand for organic food. Frozen organic vegetables, organic milk, and organic baby food all exhibited high price elasticity of demand, meaning that the quantity purchased responds greatly to price changes (that is, quantity purchased increases by more than 1 percent when prices fall by 1 percent) (Glaser and Thompson, 1999, 2000; Thompson and Glaser, 2001). For some frozen vegetables, there was little crossover between purchases of organic and conventional products, so that changes in prices of either commodity had no significant impact on quantities purchased (Glaser and Thompson 1999). For other products (milk and baby food), the conventional and organic products are substitutes, so that increases in the price of the conventional product result in consumers’ purchasing a greater quantity of the organic products (Glaser and Thompson, 2000; Thompson and Glaser, 2001). The Marketing Chain: From Farm to Market Food passes through many hands as it moves from farm to consumer. Some foods are fresh when delivered (apples and eggs) while others are processed before delivery (pasta and bread). Regardless of whether they are fresh or processed, higher quality products and products with unique attributes (such as organic foods) generally have a higher selling price. As a result, farmers have a strong incentive to produce and sell commodities with quality and other price-enhancing attributes intact. Yet, since most foods pass through a number of intermediaries as they move from the farm to the consumer, maintaining premium product integrity along the marketing chain can sometimes be a challenge. To do so, each agent along the marketing chain must begin by moving the product to the next agent quickly. Farmers need to sell their perishable commodities immediately after harvesting, while distributors, brokers, and wholesalers need to get fresh products to retailers as quickly as possible. Retailers want to be able to purchase a consistent and large enough supply of a wide variety of uniform quality fresh food. Consumers want to be able to buy a wide variety of fresh food that is both high quality and low priced. Organic food consumers, in particular, want to feel confident that they are buying food that not only was grown organically, but also has kept its organic integrity at each stage in its journey to the market. Each commodity, depending in large part on whether it is fresh or processed, follows an individualized path from farm to market. Because fresh foods rapidly deteriorate, they must be delivered to the market quickly. The storage and transportation systems along the way must provide the proper temperature and other conditions that help maintain freshness. Processed foods, on the other hand, have a longer shelf life—but the products that go into them must be harvested at the right time, delivered at the right time and satisfy the processor’s quality requirements. In the next sections, we trace the production and marketing chains for the major organic commodities in the United States, noting applicable regulations as well as observed marketing trends.

Different Types of American Families :: essays research papers

Family Norms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a guide to the norms of an American family; if you are not from America and plan to live here you will find this information useful. Family to most Americans is one of the most cherished aspects of America. All families are different; but as a part of the American society they share certain norms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A typical American family is the nuclear family; this consists of the mother father and children. The nuclear family is the most common type of family. A polygamous family includes more than one spouse. This type of family is considered wrongful in American society and in most states it is illegal. The extended family includes the mother, father, children, and other relatives like grandparents, aunts or uncles. This type of family is also common in America, but not as common as the nuclear family. Whom do Americans consider their relatives? An American family considers anyone from their bloodline to be their relatives. When two people become married they inherit the relatives on both sides of the family, referred to as the in-laws. Whom do Americans marry?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America is almost completely open on the idea of whom they can marry. One of the most wrongful marriages are those that are incestuous. The marriage of close kin is a huge taboo in America. This is illegal and will get you a free ticket to jail. Another type of marriage that is taboo to America is same-sex marriages. Two people of the same-sex can not be legally married in almost all of U.S. Who has the authority in American families? It used to be that only the male of the family had the most authority; but that has slowly been changing. With increasingly good money making jobs opening up for women; the authority of some families have shifted toward women because they are now the bread winner of the family. Different Types of American Families :: essays research papers Family Norms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a guide to the norms of an American family; if you are not from America and plan to live here you will find this information useful. Family to most Americans is one of the most cherished aspects of America. All families are different; but as a part of the American society they share certain norms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A typical American family is the nuclear family; this consists of the mother father and children. The nuclear family is the most common type of family. A polygamous family includes more than one spouse. This type of family is considered wrongful in American society and in most states it is illegal. The extended family includes the mother, father, children, and other relatives like grandparents, aunts or uncles. This type of family is also common in America, but not as common as the nuclear family. Whom do Americans consider their relatives? An American family considers anyone from their bloodline to be their relatives. When two people become married they inherit the relatives on both sides of the family, referred to as the in-laws. Whom do Americans marry?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America is almost completely open on the idea of whom they can marry. One of the most wrongful marriages are those that are incestuous. The marriage of close kin is a huge taboo in America. This is illegal and will get you a free ticket to jail. Another type of marriage that is taboo to America is same-sex marriages. Two people of the same-sex can not be legally married in almost all of U.S. Who has the authority in American families? It used to be that only the male of the family had the most authority; but that has slowly been changing. With increasingly good money making jobs opening up for women; the authority of some families have shifted toward women because they are now the bread winner of the family.

Influence of Neoclassicism on Romanticism

Niccolo Machiavelli once said, â€Å"whoever wishes to foresee the future must consult the past†, seems to sum the influence of past artistic styles on works of art across varying time periods. Neoclassicism, a popular art style in the 18th and early 19th century drew inspiration from Roman and Greek culture, it rose in response to a desire to revive the classical art period, whilst Romanticism, an art style that became popular at the end of the neoclassical period, embraced medievalism and revolted against the Age of Enlightenment and the classics that was the heart of the Neoclassical movement. Whether artists chose to embrace past styles or deviate from them, either way they are influenced by them. Despite contrasting views and techniques between the two periods, Romanticism grew out of Neoclassicism. Neoclassicism can be defined as the revival of the classical style in art, literature, architecture and music. It was an influential style in art during the 18th and 19th cent ury that lasted from the 1760’s until the 1850’s. Neoclassicism rose in reaction to the Rocco and Baroque styles that were popular during the middle of the 18th century in the United States and Western Europe especially France.Neoclassicism was the result of a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture as a result of archeological discoveries of buried Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, which brought about new inspiration. The Neoclassical era was also called the Age of Enlightenment as the Industrial Revolution was taking place. There were many new inventions and this lead to the growth of many factories. With new inventions, there was new knowledge, hence the reference to enlightenment and â€Å"neo† which means new.During the Neoclassical period, artists also focused on moral revivalism due to admiration for philosophers like Aristotle and Plato and also reflected on the Renaissance era. Neoclassical artists looked to the past as a guide to the present because of the assumption that human nature was constant. They did not strive to be original but to express â€Å"old truths in a newly effective way†. Neoclassical artists emphasized distinct characteristic styles in their work. These included the themes of patriotism, justice and honor.French artists of the Neoclassical movement drew parallels between ancient Rome and France. During the Neoclassical period, France was fighting the French Revolution and citizens reshaped France by uprooting the absolute monarchy. Neoclassicism appealed to artists who were in support of the French Revolution . French artist, Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii 1784 is one of the most renowned paintings of the Neoclassical era. It depicts a scene of two warring cities in Rome, in which three brothers are preparing to fight for their country, which demonstrated patriotism.Other characteristic styles of this period included clean lines, symmetry and restraint in emotion. Painti ngs featured vivid contrast between light and dark colors. These features can be seen in The Oath of Horatii in which clean lines and symmetry can be seen in the depiction of Roman columns and the standing position of the brothers, the only emotion depicted is that of the women portrayed in the painting. The background color is dark compared to the foreground, which is bright and vivid, emphasizing the soldiers, which was a main technique used by the artists .Another feature characteristic of Neoclassicism was the attempt to depict in great detail, the setting and costumes of the era with as much historical accuracy. Joseph-Marie Vien, Young Greek Maidens Decking the Sleeping Cupid with Flowers 1773 demonstrates this attention to detail, as the center point of this painting is the three Greek maidens whose dress is executed with great detail and vivid colors. Romanticism began during the 18th century and lasted until the 19th century just as Neoclassicism, with Romanticism peaking a fter the neoclassical period.Romanticism grew out of a need to express the emotions and the adoration of nature that Romanticists felt had become lost during the Age of Enlightenment. They sought to search the subconscious and spirituality for answers rather than pure logic of the Neoclassical period. Other themes distinctive to this period were supernatural elements and historical nostalgia. Romanticism was especially popular in Britain and Germany. It was a reaction to the dehumanization that occurred during Neoclassicism due to industrialization.Romanticism bore many characteristics such as appreciation for nature, it saw nature as an escape from the dehumanization caused by industrialization. It examined the power of nature as evident in Philip James de Loutherbourg, An Avalanche in the Alps 1803 that depicted an avalanche so awesome that it terrified the people in the foreground of the painting. Another characteristic style of the Romantic period was the revival of past styles such as medievalism. Medieval ruins were an inspiration to these artists, and can be seen in paintings such as Gaspar David Friedrich, Eldena Ruin 1825.The supernatural was another theme explored by the Romantics. Ghosts, fairies and demons were symbolic of the rejection of materialism for spiritualism; this was depicted in William Blake, The Great Red Dragon and the Women Clothed with the Sun 1805 that portrays a dragon from the Book of Revelation. Artists during this period sought to express as much emotion they could in their artwork. There were expressions on every face including animals and humans; an example of this is Theodore Gericault, Mad Woman With A Mania of Envy 1822-1823 in which he depicts an old woman with a worrisome expression and uncanny stare.Neoclassicism and Romanticism were two art styles that were popular during the 18th and 19th Century. Neoclassicism celebrated the classics such as the Greek and Roman culture. It was a rebirth of the new classical period an d artists sought to emphasize on patriotism, honor and justice. Many paintings depicted Roman soldiers and Greek temples and philosophers and were in support of the French Revolution whilst Romanticism drew emphasis on emotions and nature; it celebrated the modern and the medieval time.Romanticism embraced the individuality of the painter, who drew on creativity to paint rather than adherence to rules and tradition like their Neoclassic counterparts. Neoclassicism celebrated the French Revolution and Industrialization, which Neoclassicists saw as enlightenment as there were new ancient findings and industrialization, which brought new knowledge. Artists inspired by the Romantic period saw enlightenment as dehumanizing. They rebelled against conformity to societal norms to which Neoclassicists saw as being of great importance.Romanticism was more creative than Neoclassicism; it sought to draw on spirituality and emotion, as Romanticists believed that not all questions could be answer ed by rationality but rather by irrationality. Neoclassical painters stressed drawing with lines and symmetry which is symbolic of living within the lines of conformity, they also used vivid color contrast with light and dark with no visible brushstrokes to draw interest to the main focus of the art piece. However, Romanticism used rich color, and a painterly technique with no distinct lines and visible brushstrokes in their works.Subjects depicted in Neoclassical art were from Roman and Greek history whilst Romantic artists subjects were legends, ghosts, witches, violence and nature. The role of Neoclassicism was to morally uplift as depicted in The Oath of Horatii in which men were strong and loyal to France, whilst Romanticism sought to create a dramatic effect that would take the viewer away as seen in An Avalanche in the Alps in which the avalanche is so magnificent and terrifying at the same time.When examining renowned paintings from both artistic periods: Neoclassicism and R omanticism, Neoclassicist Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii and Romanticist Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship are some of the most renowned paintings of their respective eras. The Oath of Horatii depicts a scene in which three brothers take swords from their father. The men are dressed in red, white and blue that represented the colors of France. This was thought to inspire patriotism, as it was symbolic of the brothers fighting for the good of country.In contrast to the theme of patriotism and the fight for the greater good of all, the Slave Ship sought to inspire anti-slavery efforts and the fight for human kind versus country as in the Neoclassical period. The Oath of Horatii can be viewed as celebrating the Industrial Revolution as it inspired the French to fight for economic progress whilst The Slave Ship revolted against Industrialization, which it viewed as the exploitation of slaves and human labor for economic growth.Another feature was the use of col or; in The Oath of Horatii, the background is dark compared to the vivid colors of the foreground, allowing the focus to be on the brothers hence reinforcing the theme of loyalty and patriotism. The brushstrokes are controlled and there are distinct lines, which is seen in the position in which the men stand, point their swords. Lines are symbolic of conformity, which can be viewed as staying between the lines. In The Slave Ship, brushstrokes are soft, colors are bright as seen in the deep red sunset and are blended in so there in no distinct lines.The symbolism of the lack of lines represents man’s freedom to choose and his individuality. The use of color draws attention to the background rather than the foreground, which makes the sky the main focus point. Human nature is also explored in The Oath of Horatii; the human need to stand strong in the face of adversity is depicted by the men in the painting, all of who raise their hands to their father in support of the fight un like the women who seemed fearful and crouched over in distress. In The Slave Ship, nature depicted does not refer to human nature but simply, nature.Neoclassicism used humans as their subjects and Romanticism used nature as their subjects. The rough sea and the majestic sky are the main focus in this artwork, which celebrates nature and shows how powerful nature is as the dead slaves are visible in the water along with nature’s creatures that are feeding on human carcass. The Oath of Horatii is symbolic of Neoclassicism as it depicts patriotism, linear painting technique, use of light and dark colors and human nature, which are characteristic of this era.The Slave Ship is representative of the style of Romanticism; it depicts revolt against industrialization, nature, use of painter techniques and bright colors. Romanticism influenced the future art world by leaving its legacy behind and for others to follow and lead to new artistic styles. It stimulated the birth of many art schools such as the Norwich School of Landscape Painting, which was the first provincial arts body to hold exhibitions in Britain during the 19th century. Famous artists from this school included John Crome who was famous for his paintings depicting sceneries of Norfolk.Another school influenced by the Romantic art style was the St Ives School of Art in England which flourished in the 20th century with its paintings being displayed today at the best art museums in the world such as the British Art Museum. St Ives School of Art later became renowned for its abstract sculptures and paintings that led to the development of modern art including Avant-Garde art that pushed the boundaries of cultural norms. Romanticism can be see as influential to the development of Avant-Garde as it began as a deviation from norms of society.Famous artists from this school included Barbara Hepworth and Ben Nicholson who were renowned their abstract art and cement sculptures. Romanticism calls for the ar tist to be creative and not follow the classics. Marcel Duchamp, Fountain 1917 in which he exhibits a ready made urinal as a piece of art can be seen as being influenced by Romanticism as it asks for the artist to be creative. Hence we can see Avant-Garde and Dadaism being influence by Romanticism . Whether artists chose to embrace past styles or deviate from them, either way they are influenced by them.Both Neoclassicism and Romanticism were popular art styles in the 18th and early 19th century, with Romanticism occurring during the later years. Neoclassicism drew inspiration from Roman and Greek culture and embraced the classics while Romanticism drew inspiration from emotions, nature and the historical period of medievalism. Romanticism grew out of contempt for the basic foundation of the Neoclassical era as Romantics felt that the Age of Enlightenment suppressed our creativity and dehumanized us, despite their contrasting views, we can see the influence of Neoclassicism on Roman ticism.